History / Sukhothai

1238 - Taking advantage of the weakening of the Khmer empire, two local Thai princes, Khun Bang Klang and Khun Pa Muang, both of them actually officials of the Khmer occupation government in Sayam (later, and until the present, Sukhothai) start a rebellion against the Khmers. Khan Lampong, a Cambodian General, tries to subdue the Thais but is defeated. Sukhothai thereby becomes a truly independent state. Khun Bang Klang is crowned King of Sukhothai under the title Sri Inthrathit. Khun Pa Muang is only given a major government post, far inferior to the reward of Khun Bang Klang. The reason for this is his marriage with a Khmer princess - a matter that casts doubt on his trustworthiness in the Thais' eyes. The Principality or Kingdom of Sukhothai grows rapidly in the following years - as a result of military conquest as well as rather diplomatic annexations of other Thai principalities formerly ruled by Khmers. These diplomatic annexations become possible because according to today's knowledge, Sukhothai is an attractive state to join. It is much more liberal than most states of the time, knowing no slavery nor excessive taxation by the monarchy. Being a new kingdom, the rulers have not progressed on the typical path of becoming distant from their subjects. Kings are not considered god-kings as it had been under Khmer rule.

1254 - Kublai Khan, Mongolian ruler in central China conquers the Nanchao Kingdom, several hundred kilometers to the north in today's southern China. Great waves of Thai migrants flood Sukhothai from Yunnan enhancing Sukhothai's population and power base.

1262 - Prince Mengrai of Nanchao, after having escaped the wrath of Kublai Khan, establishes the Lannatai Kingdom with himself as king. To serve as his capital, he founds the town of Chiang Rai. In the following years, he integrates several neighboring Thai principalities into his kingdom. Although relations with Sukhothai are cordial for the first decades and in spite of the fact that many former Nanchao subjects become citizens of Sukhothai, the two kingdoms do not unite. Lannatai will later first become an ally of the Burmese against the Thai Kingdom of Ayutthaya (Siam) and then be a Burmese vassal or integrated into Burma for several centuries. It is noticeable in present-day Thailand that, except in Chiang Mai and the utmost north of today's Thailand, Thais have much less sentiments about the kingdom of Lannatai than about Sukhothai, even though the independent history of Lannatai is considerably longer than that of Sukhothai (a mere 140 years).

1279 - Ramkhamhaeng, the third of three sons of Sri Inthrathit becomes king of Sukhothai. He is however preceded on the throne by his elder brother Ban Muang (not to be confused with Prince Pa Muang who had joined Sri Inthrathit in overthrowing the Khmer rule). But there are no records on when Sri Inthrathit died or for how long Ban Muang ruled. As there are no records it was most probably an exceptionally peaceful time. This changes when Ramkhamhaeng ascends to the throne. In the following years Ramkhamhaeng's armies conquer an area encompassing most of what is now Thailand plus the eastern part of what is today Burma plus almost the whole of the Malayan Peninsula. Ethnically speaking, he ruled not only over Thais but also over Burmese, Mons and Shans in the west, Malays in the south and Khmers and Laotians (ethnically closely related to the Thais) in the east. As the relations between King Mengrai of Lannatai and King Ramkhamhaeng of Sukhothai have remained cordial, Ramkhamhaeng does not touch his northern neighbor. Impressing as they may be, Ramkhamhaeng's military exploits are by far not his only achievement. He also creates the Thai alphabet that is basically still in use, codifies the law and conducts a reform of Buddhism practiced in his realm by establishing stricter rules for the behavior of monks. The Thai alphabet invented by him draws on Sanskrit and Pali (both languages of Indian origin) as well as the written languages of the Burmese and the Khmers, both of which are also Sanskrit and Pali based. But not only are the letters of neighboring languages used to provide for a written Thai language. Terms from Pali, Sanskrit and the immediate neighboring languages are also integrated into Thai (which otherwise is quite different from Burmese and the Khmer language). The development of the Thai language in southeast Asia, in spite of it's origin in China, explains why a large number of Royal titles or religious designations are quite similar to those of the Khmer or Burmese (the Thais adopted Buddhism only in southeast Asia, not during their history in what is now south China where Buddhism arrived only at a time when the Thai majority had already migrated to southeast Asia).

1282 - How Chow Chi, a Chinese Mandarin comes to Sukhothai and negotiates a treaty of amity between China and Sukhothai.

1283 - King Mengrai of Lannatai conquers the Mon Kingdom of Haripungaya (present-day Lamphun), making it a long lasting part of his realm. Later kingdoms of the Mons will all be located at the western side of the mountain range that today separates the territories of Burma and Thailand.

1300 - Death of Ramkhamhaeng; the throne is ascended by his son, Loetai. Sukhothai begins its decline. In the following years, most of the non-Thai principalities ruled by King Ramkhamhaeng and many of the Thai principalities as well become rather independent from Sukhothai.

1338 - The major Thai principality of Phayao east of Chiang Mai is annexed to the Lannatai Kingdom.

1330-1350 - The principality of Utong (near today's town of Suphanburi, close to Ayutthaya, becomes a regional power, largely due to the military skills of its leading general. A personal name of this general is not known. (It must be noted here that in Thai or Siamese tradition, personal names have much less bearing than in the western culture. Typically, a man changed his name when he assumed additional power, either by being promoted or by usurping it. Many of the names under which important Thai or Siamese personalities are known in history are anyhow rather titles than names. One important example of later times is the designations Chao Phaya. Chao Phaya, aside from being the name of the main Thai river, is a Thai title, designating the highest government officials; typically the leading general of a principality was named Chao Phaya - as for example several hundred years later Chao Phaya Chakri, the founder of the current Thai dynasty who had first been the leading general of King Taksin of Thonburi). The leading general of Utong (who didn't bear the title Chao Phaya during his life-time but would later be designated as such) gains for his principality several adjourning areas which have so far been ruled by the king of Sukhothai. He is the initiator of the Ayutthaya period of Thai history.

1347 - Prince Lutai (Tammaraja I) , a son of King Loetai, becomes King of Sukhothai. It is not known how long Sukhothai was ruled by King Loetai. The accepted theory is that after King Loetai died, there was heavy competition for the throne; most probably a king with the name Nguanamthom ruled for a period of time between the reigns of Loetai and Lutai Tammaraja I. King Lutai concentrates rather on religious than political matters, a fact further contributing to the loss of political power of Sukhothai. Tammaraja, a name he acquires posthumously, is a religious rather than political title.

1370 - King Lutai dies and is succeeded by his son Prince Sai who becomes King Tammaraja II.

1371 - King Boromaraja I of Ayutthaya invades Sukhothai territory, capturing several towns.

1375 - Phitsanulok, the substitute capital of Sukhothai, is taken by Boromaraja's forces and prisoners are turned into slaves.

1378 - King Tammaraja II is forced to become a vassal of the King of Ayutthaya. This marks the end of the independent Thai Kingdom of Sukhothai after 140 years of existence.

History / Ayutthaya

1350 - The leading general of Utong, upon the death of the kingdom's ruler, becomes King of Utong himself and assumes the title Rama Tibodi I. One of his first decisions is to transfer his capital some 50 kilometers (31mi) to the east, to the thriving trade town of Ayutthaya. (The similarity to the beginning of the Bangkok period in Thai history is striking; 432 years later, it is again the leading general of a preceding king who becomes king; at both instances, one of their first tasks is to transfer their capitals; contrary to what is often read in English language guide books, both towns, Ayutthaya and Bangkok, are not "founded" by the two kings but were already well established settlements, though with no political functions.)

1350-1359 - King Rama Tibodi I introduces coded laws.

1352 - Ayutthaya engages Cambodia in war. Cambodia is seized and its ruler, King Pasat, becomes the vassal of Siam. Even though its the Khmers (or Cambodians) who are defeated in this war, it's rather Khmer culture that penetrates Thai society in the following decades and centuries than Thai culture penetrating Khmer society. One example is that Siam adopts the Khmer system of slavery as well as the concept of absolute monarchy.

1357 - Cholera spreads in the kingdom of Siam and claims, among thousands of others, the lives of two of its princes, Chaokeo and Chaotai.

1361 - King Rama Tibodi I becomes a Buddhist priest.

1369 - King Rama Tibodi I dies aged 57, and his son, Prince Ramesuan, succeeds on the throne. Incompetence displayed during the Cambodian war makes him unpopular among his people.

1370 - Upon public clamor and advice of his ministers, Prince Ramesuan abdicates his throne in favor of his uncle, Prince Boromaraja (the brother-in-law of King Rama Tibodi).

1371 - King Boromaraja begins invading Sukhothai, capturing several towns.

1375 - Phitsanulok, the substitute capital of Sukhothai, is taken by Boromaraja's forces and prisoners are turned into slaves.

1378 - King Tammaraja II of Sukhothai is forced to become a vassal of the King of Ayutthaya. This marks the end of the independent Thai Kingdom of Sukhothai after 140 years of existence.

1388 - King Boromaraja dies and his son Tonglan, 15 years old, succeeds the throne. 7 days thereafter, the former King of Ayutthaya, Ramesuan, seizes the young king, most probably has him killed and assumes the throne.

1390 - Senmuangma, the young king of Chiang Mai (Lannatai Kingdom), attempts to overthrow the Ayutthaya Kingdom and to regain Sukhothai for its King Tammaraja II but the Chiang Mai army is defeated by the Ayutthaya forces. King Ramesuan succeeds in invading Chiang Mai and resettles parts of the city's population to other areas held by Siam (Ayutthaya), some as far south as the Malayan Peninsula. Though the people of Chiang Mai are ethnically Thais, they have at that time a dialect quite different from the one spoken in Siam, having migrated from what is now Yunnan in southern China several centuries later than the Thais settling further south.

1393 - War breaks out again with Cambodia provoked by the Cambodian King Kodombong who captures Chonburi and Chantaburi taking much of the population of the two towns back to Cambodia. King Ramesuan, upon learning of the event, sends his troops to Cambodia, invades Angkor and takes almost 90,000 Cambodians as prisoners to Siam, leaving the Khmer kingdom again as vassal of Siam. The year 1393 thereby established a pattern that will be much adhered to in southeast Asia for centuries to come. Victorious kings and generals are not content with ransacking the towns of defeated neighbors and imposing tributes. As the constant wars between Thais, Burmese and Khmers take heavy tolls on the populations of the kingdoms, gaining new subjects to replace those killed in battle becomes an objective of war. To judge such a population policy it has to be noted that the wars between the three nations have often been total wars. Occasionally, most of the men of a kingdom were conscripted, from ages today considered as childhood. Furthermore, women have also regularly fought in battles. The population policy of capturing subjects has also contributed to the ethnic mix found now in southeast Asia. Racial descent is an insufficient criterion to differentiate Thais, Mons, Khmers, Shans etc. Rather, it's language and regional culture that make the difference.

1395 - Ramesuan dies at 62 and is succeeded by his son Ramraja for 14 fairly peaceful but also uneventful years.

1409 - King Ramraja is deposed from his throne by Prince Nakonin, governor of Sysan and the son of a younger brother of King Boromaraja I. Nakonin later proclaims himself King with the title Intharaja.

1424 - King Intharaja dies and his three sons fight over the throne; two of them die. The youngest of the three brothers is the survivor and is proclaimed King of Ayutthaya with the title Boromaraja II.

1431 - After Cambodia has again gained kind of independence, a new war between Ayutthaya and Cambodia breaks out. It lasts for seven months during which Thai forces again invade Angkor. King Tammasok of Cambodia dies during the war and the King of Siam sets up his son, the Prince Intaburi as King of Cambodia. Intaburi dies after just a few months in office. Thereafter, Cambodia regains again its independence.

1432 - The Khmers vacate Angkor, considering it too close to the border with Siam and relocate their capital in Basan on the eastern side of the Mekong River.

1434 - The Khmers move their capital again, this time to Phnom Penh. In the course of history they will switch several times between the sites of Phnom Penh and Lawak near Phnom Penh.

1438 - Sukhothai is fully incorporated into the Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya. Prince Ramesuan is appointed governor of Phitsanulok.

1442 - Ayutthaya is at war with Chiang Mai. Chiang Mai suffers defeat but not to the extent that the Lannatai Kingdom of Chiang Mai is integrated into Siam or becomes a real vassal. However, the Ayutthaya forces again capture part of the Lannatai population and resettle the people in their own realm.

1448 - King Boromaraja II dies and the Prince of Phitsanulok, Ramesuan, becomes king of Ayutthaya. He assumes the title King Trailok. During his extraordinarily long rule of 40 years, King Trailok reforms the administrative system of Siam, giving it a stricter hierarchical structure. The system of nobility in Siam, too, is founded by King Trailok who creates seven grades of nobles. The grades of nobility from the highest to the lowest are: 1. Phaya, 2. Phra, 3. Luang, 4. Khun, 5. Muen, 6 Pun, 7. Tanai. An additional grade, topping the one of Phaya, is created later, the rank of Chao Phaya. In all of the history of Siam, the above ranks of nobility are not hereditary. The only hereditary rank is the one of prince or princess for the offspring of kings and princes. Ranks of nobility are given by the ruling king who also can take them back. Also non-hereditary are land possessions; while there are certain rules, established by King Trailok, concerning the granting of land to nobles according to their rank, land allocations are in principle at the discretion of the king.

1456 - Conflict with the Lannatai Kingdom of Chiang Mai is smouldering.

1462 - Sukhothai, temporarily occupied by forces of Chiang Mai, is regained by Ayutthaya.

1463 - As the only external conflict of his reign is with the Lannatai Kingdom, King Trailok of Ayutthaya transfers his capital to Phitsanulok in the north of his realm, leaving his son, Prince Boromaraja, in charge of Ayutthaya.

1465 - King Trailok enters a Buddhist seminary as a monk.

1471 - The first white elephant is captured in Siam. By future definition, white elephants in the realm are all owned by the king.

1474 - Open war between Chiang Mai and Ayutthaya breaks out once again. The ruler of Chiang Mai, Maharaja Tilok, has his army massacre all the members of the Siamese embassy. As the war again doesn't produce a clear victor, Trailok of Ayutthaya and Tilok of Chiang Mai both agree to a peace settlement. In spite of the fact that the threat from the north is no longer eminent, King Trailok does not move his capital back to Ayutthaya and remains in Phitsanulok, leaving Ayutthaya under the control of his son, Prince Boromaraja.

1487 - Maharaja Tilok dies.

1488 - King Trailok dies in Phitsanulok and is succeeded by his son, Boromaraja III, who had been his deputy in Ayutthaya for 25 years. As Boromaraja III has his personal base in Ayutthaya, the city's traditional function as capital is restored. Boromaraja's younger brother, Prince Jutta, becomes governor of Phitsanulok.

1491 - Boromaraja III dies and is succeeded by Prince Jutta who takes the title Rama Tibodi II.

1507 - A civil war breaks out in Chiang Mai and the local ruler, Maharaja Yai, is deposed and succeeded by his son Maharaja Ratna. The following years, until 1515, there are a number of clashes between Siam (Ayutthaya) and Lannatai (Chiang Mai) armies which however don't change the power balance between the two kingdoms.

1511 - Duarte Fernandez, a Portuguese, lands in Siam and negotiates a treaty with King Rama Tibodi II to permit Portuguese to reside and carry on trade in Ayutthaya.

1515 - Sukhothai is invaded by the ruler of Laos, then a principality covering roughly the area of present-day Laos.

1529 - King Rama Tibodi II dies after a reign of 38 years. His son, Prince Atityawong, succeeds the throne as King Boromaraja IV.

1533 - King Boromaraja IV dies early of smallpox, leaving as successor to the throne his 4 year old son, Prince Ratsadatiratkumar. After a reign of just five months in which his ministers rule in his behalf, Prince Prajai (a half-brother of the former King Boromaraja IV, sizes the throne in 1534 after having the child king murdered. After the 15 year old King Tonglan in 1388, Prince Ratsadatiratkumar is the second child king to ascend to the throne, and like the former he is disposed and killed by an older relative. In the next decades and the next centuries, a similar fate will befall practically all underage ascendents to the throne. Furthermore, palace revolts and usurpations of the throne become a fairly normal feature for the remaining centuries of the Ayutthaya period in Thai history. While the Ratsadatiratkumar/Prajai case doesn't interrupt the initial dynasty of Ayutthaya (Prajai like Ratsadatiratkumar being a close relative of the former king) palace revolts of the following centuries do interrupt dynastic lines and none of the subsequent three dynasties makes it to 80 years in power.

1545 - King Prajai intervenes in the affairs of Chiang Mai leading to a short war between Burma and Ayutthaya. The Siamese ultimately retreat after destroying Lamphun, then in Burmese territory. The Lannatai Kingdom of Chiang Mai elects to ally itself with Burma and will be on the side of the Burmese more often than the side of Siam for most of the time in the next decades and centuries.

1546 - King Prajai returns to Ayutthaya and dies there. The King is said to have been poisoned by his wife, Tao Sri Sudachan. King Prajai is first succeeded by his 11-year old son Kaeofa. While Prince Tienraja acts as the Regent in behalf of King Kaeofa, the dowager queen Tao Sri Sudachan wields considerable influence and is able to widen her power base. After she succeeds in pushing Prince Tienraja to become a monk, she rules pretty unchallenged. In her private life she chooses a minor palace official as her lover.

1548 - The 13-year old King Kaeofa, who is actually pretty powerless, plots to do away with the lover of his mother. However, his mother's lover discovers the plot and does away with the young king. In consequence, King Kaeofa's younger brother, the 7-year old Prince Srisin ascends the throne. The lover of his mother who meanwhile was elevated to the minor noble rank of Khun, becomes Regent in behalf of the young child king - in spite of the fact that he murdered the preceding king. It takes just a few weeks, and the dowager queen Tao Sri Sudachan and her lover, Khun Waraniongsu, dispose Tao Sri Sudachan's son from the throne.

1548, Nov 11 - Khun Waraniongsu proclaims himself King of Ayutthaya.

1548 Dec - Khun Waraniongsu, his wife Tao Sri Sudachan and their newly born daughter are killed in a palace revolt led by a certain Khun Pirentoratep. The palace conflicts of that time find their continuation even in modern Thai politics, marred by probably more coup d'etats than the modern history of any other country. Khun Pirentoratep could be seen as the first of a line of exceptionally skillful coup plotters of which Thailand will have a considerable number as late as the second half of the 20th century.

1549, Jan 19 - Khun Pirentoratep and his followers install the former regent in behalf of the underage King Kaeofa, Prince Tienraja, the brother of King Prajai, to the throne of Ayutthaya. Tienraja takes under the royal name Chakrapat. For himself, Khun Pirentoratep gets the position of Governor of Phitsanulok, traditionally the second most powerful position in Siam as the Governor of Phitsanulok basically controls the northern part of the realm. Not enough with this, Prince Tienraja bestows on Khun Pirentoratep (who made him King Chakrapat) the old and prestigious title Prince Maha Tammaraja and gives him his daughter, Princess Wisutkasatri as wife. Beyond any doubt, king maker Khun Pirentoratep (Prince Maha Tammaraja) is the second most powerful man in the realm.

1549, Aug - A 4-month war breaks out with the Burmese, who invade the territory of Siam and besiege Ayutthaya. It is the first of several Burmese invasions and Thai-Burmese wars, stretching over about 50 years. It is believed that the first Burmese invasion was triggered by the palace conflicts in Ayutthaya as the Burmese might have thought that Siam, weakened by dynastic conflicts, would be easy prey. Unfortunately for Siam, the period of dynastic conflicts in Ayutthaya coincides with a period in which the neighboring Burma is ruled by a sequence of very able warrior kings. First it is the Burmese King Tabengshweti who rules from 1531 to 1550 and achieves the unification of a territory that roughly resembles present-day Burma by subduing a number of Burmese, Mon (in the south) and Shan principalities (in the north). After King Tabengshweti is poisoned in 1550, he is succeeded by his general and brother-in-law who becomes King Bhueng Noreng (also recorded under the name King Hanthawadi) and is no less warrior than Tabengshweti.

1550 - Because of the previous Burmese invasion, King Chakrapat orders the fortification of Ayutthaya by constructing high walls enclosing the capital.

1561 - Rebellion in Siam is induced by Prince Srisin, the youngest son of King Prajai who had been deposed by his mother Tao Sri Sudachan and passed over when Prince Tienraja was made King Chakrapat by Khun Pirentoratep (Prince Maha Tammaraja) and his cohorts. After the palace revolt of 1548 brought about by his natural mother, Prince Srisin was adopted by King Chakrapat. Having been accused of plotting against the King's life already three years earlier (1558) at age 16, he was kept under strict surveillance. At the age of 19, when about to be ordained as a Buddhist monk (1561), he makes his escape, groups his followers and attacks the palace. He is killed in the same incident by the men of Prince Mahin, the natural son of King Chakrapat.

1563 - In the second Burmese invasion, the King of Burma, Bhueng Noreng, with an army supported by the forces of several vassal states reaching as far east as the principality of Laos marches into Siamese territory. Historical sources put the strength of the Burmese army at up to 200,000 soldiers. At first, the towns of Sawankalok and Pijai are seized and many hostages are taken.

1564, Feb - As the Thais miscalculate the Burmese strategy, the Burmese army makes a surprise attack on Ayutthaya. For lack of preparation on the part of the Siamese, King Chakrapat is pressed to agree to onerous peace terms dictated by Bhueng Noreng.

1564, Dec - The Burmese occupy Chiang Mai.

1565 - In an effort to strengthen Siam, King Chakrapat intends to marry his younger daughter, Princess Tepkasatri, to King Jaijetta of Laos. King maker Khun Pirentoratep (Prince Maha Tammaraja) and his wife Princess Wisutkasatri who is the elder sister of Princess Tepkasatri disapprove of the impending marriage and kidnap Princess Tepkasatri with Burmese help when she is about to be delivered to King Jaijetta of Laos. King Chakrapat thereupon loses the pleasure in being king and appoints his son, Prince Mahin, as the Regent of Ayutthaya in preparation to retire to private life. However, this is oil on the fire smouldering on the side of Khun Pirentoratep (Prince Maha Tammaraja) who not only is angry over not being consulted in family affairs but also feels he has been passed over in the succession to the throne. The result is that a split occurs in Siam in which each side is willing to bring in outside forces to subdue the other; King Chakrapat and his son Prince Mahin entertain a close relationship with the King of Laos while Khun Pirentoratep (Prince Maha Tammaraja) has a friendly relationship with the Burmese King Bhueng Noreng.

1568 - Due to the obvious unpreparedness of Prince Mahin to perform the kingly functions, King Chakrapat returns to his throne.

1568, Dec - Burmese King Bhueng Noreng invades Siam with an army which is recorded to have been even bigger than the previous one of up to 200,000 troops. Bhueng Noreng this time doesn't choose classical Burmese entry point to Siam, the Three Pagodas Pass, but moves in from the north. The Siamese Governor of Phitsanulok, Khun Pirentoratep (Prince Maha Tammaraja), joins his army with the Burmese force, thereby putting Thai soldiers against Thai soldiers. The combined army marches towards Ayutthaya.

1569, Jan - At the most untimely moment, just when the combined armies of Bhueng Noreng and Khun Pirentoratep (Prince Maha Tammaraja) march towards Ayutthaya, King Chakrapat dies and Prince Mahin succeeds on the Siamese Throne. There are no historic indications that King Chakrapat was murdered, even though an according assassination would have fit very well into the strategy of the Burmese King Bhueng Noreng and more so of Khun Pirentoratep (Prince Maha Tammaraja).

1569, Aug 30 - After a siege of 7 months, Ayutthaya falls for the first time. But the victory of Bhueng Noreng and Khun Pirentoratep (Prince Maha Tammaraja) is not credited to brute force but treason, to a trap, probably devised by Prince Maha Tammaraja. Bhueng Noreng and Prince Maha Tammaraja achieved to smuggle into the besieged city the traitor Pijai Chakri. Pijai Chakri had been taken hostage by the Burmese in 1563 and since been completely brainwashed. He made his entry to Ayutthaya by appearing before the city's gate, dressed up as prisoner and claiming to have escaped from the Burmese in order to help defend Ayutthaya. He succeeds in winning King Mahin's trust and is put in charge of vital defence installations. But instead of doing his best to help in the defence of Ayutthaya, he gives out information to the Burmese and deliberately weakens Ayutthaya's defence at points through which the forces of Bhueng Noreng and Prince Maha Tammaraja finally gain access.

1569, Dec - 21 years after having led a palace revolt, after having installed one king and having disposed of two, Prince Maha Tammaraja himself ascends the throne of Ayutthaya and assumes the title Phra Srisanpet. Bhueng Noreng who feels that his mission is accomplished returns to Burma, taking with him King Mahin and a substantial part of the population of Ayutthaya as well as a big booty but refrains from finishing off the Kingdom of Siam as he probably feels quite secure having installed his ally Prince Maha Tammaraja (now Phra Srisanpet) on the Siamese throne. However, Bhueng Noreng obviously underestimated Maha Tammaraja who immediately starts to rebuild the kingdom - with the obvious aim to make it an independent power again. He appoints his son Prince Naresuan who had grown up in Burmese custody after the second Burmese invasion of 1563 and as Prince and Governor of Phitsanulok, the position occupied by Maha Tammaraja himself for more than 20 years. Both, king and prince, immediately begin re-arming Siam as well as building new fortifications for Ayutthaya and towns in the north.

1770 - The former Siamese ruler, King Mahin, dies as prisoner on the way to Burma.

1575-1578 - Cambodia makes a series of attacks on Ayutthaya, but none succeeds because of the strength of the newly organized forces of the Siamese.

1581 - King Bhueng Noreng of Burma is peacefully succeeded by his son Nanda Bhueng who isn't a military genius like his father.

1584, May 3 - 15 years after the fall of Ayutthaya, Prince Naresuan openly denounces, with the consent of his father King Maha Tammaraja, Siam's allegiance to Burma.

1584, Dec - A Burmese army composed of about 300,000 men attacks Siam but fails. In his defence of Siamese territory, Prince Naresuan applies a strategy of scorched earth, retreating but leaving Siamese towns and outposts burned down to avoid that the Burmese can use them.

1586 - Prince Naresuan attacks Chiang Mai, then under Burmese rule, and regains the kingdom as vassal of Siam.

1586, Nov - Nanda Bhueng forms an army of 250,000 men, preparing a new attack on Ayutthaya.

1587, Jan - The Burmese army attacks Siam but the resistance from the latter is so strong that heavy losses inflicted on the Burmese ultimately force them to retreat.

1587 - Cambodia invades Siamese territory, again trying to take advantage of a Burmese-Siamese war. Due to lack of supplies on the side of the Siamese, conquest could have been possible for the Cambodians but the strategies of Prince Naresuan save Ayutthaya.

1590, Jul - King Maha Tammaraja dies and Prince Naresuan is crowned King of Ayutthaya.

1590, Nov - A Burmese army of about 200,000 men attacks Ayutthaya but is repelled.

1592, Dec - With the attack of a 250,000 men army, Burma makes its final effort to re-conquer Ayutthaya. During a skirmish, Burmese Crown Prince Min Chit Sra is killed. Thereafter, Burmese forces retreat. Thai troops refrain from chasing the Burmese as another Burmese army in the north of the kingdom is at the point of attacking Chiang Mai. However, the attack on Chiang Mai is recalled when the Burmese King is informed of the death of his son.

1593 - The turn has come for the Siamese to try their luck in foreign conquest. At first, two Siamese armies attack southern Burmese territories. The two armies are under the leadership of Generals Chao Phaya Chakri and Phaya Praklong. The former invades and occupies Tenasserim after 15 days while the latter conquers Tavoy after 20 days (both now southern Burmese cities). Because of their achievements, the danger for Ayutthaya of being conquered by Burma becomes nil.

1593, May - King Naresuan sends a 100,000-men expedition to Cambodia. Knowing the strength of the invaders, many Cambodian provinces surrender without resistance. The King of Cambodia and his two sons flee. Cambodia is placed under a Siamese military governor.

1594 - Because of King Nanda Bhueng's mental instability, Burma's peace and order condition worsens. Many Burmese seek refuge in Ayutthaya.

1596, Dec - Ayutthaya invades Burma again. with the intention of reducing her to a state of irrelevance. The invasion is no particular success as some of Siam's allies fail to deliver promised support.

1598 - Trade between Spain and Ayutthaya begins when a Spanish envoy comes to Ayutthaya to conclude the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the two nations.

1600, May - King Naresuan invades the Burmese principality of Taungu. As the invasion is made when the Siamese forces are under unfavorable conditions due to sickness and starvation suffered in lower Burma, Taungu is able to repel the attack.

1605, May 16 - King Naresuan dies at Muang Hang, a Siamese territory, during a military campaign, leaving behind neither wife nor children. His brother Prince Ekatotsarot ascends the throne.

1605 - King Ekatotsarot imposes the first money tax levied in Ayutthaya. For this, he gains the reputation of being a covetous man. Dutch merchants begin visiting Ayutthaya.

1608 - Siam (Ayutthaya) sends ambassadors to the Netherlands to establish friendly relations.

1609 - The first Portuguese Jesuit missionary, Baltazar de Seguerra, arrives in Ayutthaya.

1610 - King Ekatotsarot's reign ends and Prince Intharaja succeeds under the royal title of King Songtam.

1612 - The first English trade factory is established in Ayutthaya. At about the same time, the Dutch establish their first trade outpost in Siam.

1612, Jun 23 - The first English ship, Globe, arrives in Pattani harbor in the extreme south of the Thai territory on the Malayan peninsula, activating trade in Siam.

1618 - War breaks out between the Netherlands and England and hostilities among the citizens of the two countries are carried on even in Siam.

1619, Jul 17 - 800 Dutchmen attack two British ships in Pattani harbor.

1620 - Peace is restored between the Dutch and the English in Ayutthaya.

1628-1630 - Questions on the succession to the Siamese throne are resolved in what one may consider typical Siamese manner. First, King Songtam, when seriously ill and upon feeling that death is approaching at the age of 38, makes preparations to secure that his eldest son, Prince Jetta, will be his successor. Prince Jetta is at that time a boy of just 14. After the death of his father, Prince Jetta is indeed installed as king by a group of high palace officials around a certain Phaya Sriworawong. Immediately thereafter, a large group of other palace officials who were thought to have favored the late king's brother, Prince Srisin, as new king, are summarily beheaded. Again, the one who "made" the new king, Phaya Sriworawong, is promoted, receiving the new title of Chao Phaya Kalahom. As King Jetta is still a boy, actual power rests with king maker Chao Phaya Kalahom. The next step Chao Phaya Kalahom takes in order to clear the way for himself to seize the throne openly, is to set up a trap for Prince Srisin who later could otherwise turn out to be a contender. However, Prince Srisin at that time is a Buddhist monk, and it is customary not to murder monks. Therefore, Chao Phaya Kalahom plots with the commander of the Japanese palace guard (brought in by King Songtam) to lure Prince Srisin into discarding the saffron robe by promising him that he will be installed as the new king. But as soon as Prince Srisin has taken off the robe, information is given to the young King Jetta that his uncle has left the monastery to rebel against him. Prince Srisin is tried and sentenced to death. First being pardoned, then involved in another rebellion, Prince Srisin is executed a few month later in what is described as "royal manner" - tying him in a velvet sack and beating him to death with a sandalwood club. King Jetta, disturbed by the dominance of Chao Phaya Kalahom makes some preparations to get rid of his chief minister but the latter is informed and acts faster than the young king. Chao Phaya Kalahom and his cohorts storm the king's palace and kill the young monarch. Having strong backing at the court, Chao Phaya Kalahom is offered to succeed King Jetta. But as the late king's younger brother, Prince Atityawong, a boy of ten, is still around and could later be regarded as King Jetta's rightful successor, Chao Phaya Kalahom declines. On Chao Phaya Kalahom advice, Atityawong is crowned King of Siam; Chao Phaya Kalahom secures for himself the appointment as regent. Then, while acting as the young king's regent, Chao Phaya Kalahom undertakes to discredit King Atityawong for childish, un-kingly behavior - until the assembly of ministers decides to depose him. (He will be murdered only 7 years later.) Chao Phaya Kalahom believes the time has come for him to ascend the throne himself. He assumes the title King Prasattong and will rule for 25 years, until 1655.

1632, Apr - Chiang Mai, after having declared independence, is again seized by the Burmese.

1631-1632 - Several Dutchvessels arrive in Ayutthaya to help the King in his fight against the Portuguese and Cambodians.

1632 - Ayutthaya forces attack Pattani for its refusal to send tribute. The Siamese army is repelled by Pattani's strong defence.

1634 - Siam again attacks Pattani but fails due to mismanagement.

1636 - Ayutthaya makes extensive preparations to subdue Pattani. The Dutch interfere, advising Pattani to ask for forgiveness from King Prasattong for her rebellious acts. The ruler of Pattani follows the Dutch advice and Siamese authority over Pattani is re-established.

1655-1656 - Again, transition of poweris a bloody affair. King Prasattong dies in 1655 and is first succeeded by his elder son, Prince or King Chao Fa Yai. However, the new king's uncle, Prince Srisutammaraja, and his own brother, Prince Narai, conspire against King Chao Fa Yai, kidnap him and put him to death in the royal manner (see entry on 1628-1630). Prince Srisutammaraja is next to be crowned king, with Prince Narai becoming his deputy. Just a few months later, Prince Narai who has earlier not shown any scruples about participating in the murder of his elder brother, starts a palace revolt that lasts for several days and ends with King Srisutammaraja being done away with in the royal manner. History records the reason for Prince Narai's rebellion were the alleged advances his uncle, the king, made towards Narai's younger sister. Be that as it may, King Narai ascended the throne of Siam and reigned for 32 years, until 1688. During his reign, Siam opens all it's doors to trade with European powers, bringing about a considerable modernization of the country.

1663 - King Narai conquers Chiang Mai.

1664 - The Burmese retake Chiang Mai.

1664, Aug 10 - After the Dutch apply some gun boat diplomacy, blockading the mouth of the Chao Phaya River, a treaty between the Dutch and Ayutthaya is signed granting the Dutch the monopoly of trade in hides in Siam.

1664 - Roman Catholic missionaries arrive in Siam. While King Narai is not very interested in their religion, he uses the abilities of a number of French missionaries in European style constructions, especially fortifications. The Siamese king is exceptionally interested in developing relations with other European nations in order to avail of a counter force against the Dutch.

1668 - Islamic missionaries arrive in Siam.

1675 - The Phoenix, the English ship of Captain George White, arrives in Ayutthaya. It brings Constantine Phaulkon as one of its trading staff. Phaulkon actually is Greek and his original name is Gerakis which means Falcon in English. For him, the arrival in Ayutthaya is the start of a remarkable though not very long career. While not possessing any education worth mentioning, he has an exceptional talent for languages and becomes fluent in Thai in a matter of a few years. At the time when he arrives in Siam, he is already knowledgeable and can communicate in English, French, Portuguese and his native Greek.

1679 - Constantine Phaulkon enters the Thai government service as interpreter. In the course of a few years he climbs from one Thai nobility rank to the next, starting as Luang Wijayen and becoming Phra Wijayen, Phaya Wijayen and finally Chao Phaya Wijayen. Enjoying King Narai's trust he is put in charge of the foreign trade of Siam, virtually becoming the kingdom's Foreign Minister.

1680 - Animosity develops between the English East India Company and Phaulkon, mainly because Phaulkon encourages English traders to transact business independently from the English East India Company which would like to establish a monopoly on the English Siam trade. Phaulkon himself conducts trade independently from the company which has substantial backing in the English government. Phaulkon and other private traders are defamed as so-called interlopers. The dispute with the English East India Company prompts Phaulkon to shift the emphasis of the Siamese foreign policy to establishing trade and political relations between with France.

1680, Dec 25 - The first Siamese embassy to Europe leaves Ayutthaya to offer the ceding of Singora (today's city of Songkhla in southern Thailand) to France. But the vessel on which the embassy travels never reaches Europe as it sinks while on the way carrying everything and everybody on board to the bottom of the sea.

1684, Jan - A second Siamese embassy embarks for Europe.

1685, Sep - A French embassy arrives in Ayutthaya. One of its aims is to convert King Narai to Catholicism. The Siamese king declines to become a Christian but is interested in developing trade with France.

1685, Dec 19 - In a convention between the French embassy and King Narai, the French receive religious and commercial concessions. The French East India Company is given complete liberty of commerce, with extra-territorial jurisdiction given over their staff. The French are also granted a monopoly on the tin trade on Phuket. Singora (present-day Songkhla) is ceded to the French with full power to fortify it.

1685, Dec 22 - A third embassy to France leaves Ayutthaya. It carries a request of King Narai for French experts in various fields, including architecture and defence. It is a matter of historical dispute to what extent Siam wanted French soldiers to man some of its garrisons. As King Narai is interested in developing the relations to France in order to have a counter force against the Dutch, an according request would have made sense.

1686 - Armed conflict develops between Siam and the English East India Company. The English East India Company doesn't recognize English traders in Thai service and sailing under the Thai flag as it views according activities only as the utilization of loopholes to get by the trade monopoly of the English East India Company. Feeling that verbal protest alone isn't effective the English East India Company sinks a ship of Captain White who has, on recommendation of Constantine Phaulkon, joined the Thai government service and sails under the Thai flag. The English East India also dispatches two frigates from its possession at the Indian Coromandel Coast to take the port town of Mergui (located on the southern Burmese coast and then a Thai possession) and to put a stop to any trade activities of Englishmen who are not part of the English East India Company. Such free traders are to be captured and court martialed on board of English vessels on sea, the orders say.

1687, Apr 28 - The English East India Company forwards a claim against Siam in the amount of 65,000 ｣ for damage suffered during the conflict between ships under Thai flag and Golconda, the possessions of the company along the Indian Coromandel Coast. Because of this the King of Ayutthaya orders all Englishmen connected to the company to leave the territory at once.

1687, Jul 4 - Siamese defence troops open fire on the English vessel James, one of the two frigates of the English East India Company trying to capture the port of Mergui and succeed in sinking the ship.

1687, Aug 11 - King Narai, upon advice of Phaulkon, issues a declaration of war against the English East India Company, though not the English government.

1687 - Because of Phaulkon's service and allegiance to France, he is granted by King Louis a patent of nobility. He becomes a Count and a Knight of the order of St. Michael and St. Peter.

1687, Sep 27 - An embassy from France lands in Ayutthaya bringing with it roughly 600 French soldiers and about 300 skilled workers.

1687, Dec 1 - Siam enters into another treaty with France giving more privileges to the French East India Company.

1688, Jan - The French soldiers become increasingly unpopular with the Thais due to their display of racist and insolent attitudes. Anti-foreign organizations are born and the religious prejudices of the people are likewise aroused. It should be noted that the term used by Thais until today for western foreigners is farang, an abbreviation of the original farangse - the Thai word for the French (Francais in French). The term farang had a negative connotation until after World War II.

1688, Mar - In Lopburi, King Narai becomes seriously ill; one of his generals, Phra Petraja, becomes the most powerful man in the realm, acting in the following weeks from Lopburi where he virtually keeps the ailing king a prisoner. Clearly following two objectives, to put himself on the throne and to expel the foreigners, he lures into a trap King Narai's adopted minor son, Phra Piya, and has him killed.

1988, Jun 5- Phaulkon is executed for treason, allegedly having conspired to put Phra Piya on the throne and having aimed at the regency. In the following days, Phra Petraja lures to Lopburi two brothers of King Narai, Prince Chao Fa Apaitot and Prince Chao Fa Noi, having them both killed two days after their arrival. To expel the French, Phra Petraja orders a siege on the French fortification at Bangkok, then only a minor settlement aside from having a French fort. Note: all of this still happens during the lifetime of King Narai.

1688, Jul 11 - King Narai dies, leaving behind no close relatives. Phra Petraja crowns himself King of Ayutthaya.

1688, Sep 30 - All French troops leave Siam after negotiations with the new Siamese king. Phra Petraja takes European missionaries as hostages, pending the safe return of a Siamese embassy still in Europe.

1689, Dec - The Siamese embassy to Europe returns. In response, King Phra Petraja releases all his European hostages and restores religious freedom but implements a policy of eliminating foreign political influence in the kingdom.

1690, Jun - A rebellion breaks out in Nakhon Nayok, a territory of Ayutthaya. The rebellion is headed by Tam Tien, an impostor claiming to be a prince. The rebellion is quelled when Tam Tien is captured and later executed. However, the territory becomes largely unpopulated because the people flee for fear of being implicated and punished.

1691, Dec - Khorat and Nakhon rise in rebellion but are quickly brought back under the central rule of Ayutthaya.

1697 - Siam's sovereignty over Cambodia is acknowledged by Cambodia when its King Sadit sends a white elephant to King Phra Petraja.

1698, Oct - A French envoy is sent to Ayutthaya with the offer of a new treaty, but the offer is declined by King Phra Petraja. France gives up her political interest in Ayutthaya.

1699 - Another rebellion breaks out in Khorat, headed by Bun Kuan, a fanatic that had won the favor of the local governor who provides some 4,000 men to support the rebellion. Khorat surrenders after a short while; a large number of participants in the rebellion are executed.

1699 - King Phra Petraja interferes with the affairs of the united Laotian principality of Luang Prabang and Wieng Chan (present-day Vientiane), dividing the country again into two separate principalities under Siamese overrule.

1703 - King Phra Petraja falls ill and experiences himself the sorrow he caused the sick King Narai. Luang Sorasak, his son from a marriage before he became king, lures into a trap the 14-year old Prince Chao Phra Kwan, one of the later sons of Phra Petraja who had married after his ascend to the throne King Narai's sister as well as King Narai's daughter. Needless to say, that the trap served to kill Prince Chao Phra Kwan. Enraged, Phra Petraja proclaims a distant nephew, Chao Phra Pijaisurindr, as his heir. But upon the king's death, Prince Chao Phra Pijaisurindr hurries to offer the throne to Luang Sorasak. The second youngest son of King Phra Petraja, Prince Tras Noi, escapes certain death by becoming a monk. Luasang Sorasak crowns himself king and assumes the official name Sanpet VIII. However, to the Thai people he becomes Phrachao Sua, meaning King Tiger, because of his wild manners.

1709 - King Phrachao Sua dies and for a change, accession to the throne by his son, King Taisra, is not marred by any killing of rivals.

1714 - Sri Timmaraja succeeds to the Cambodian throne by ousting the ruling King Keong Fa with the help of a Cochin Chinese army (Cochin China is the old designation for an area which is now the southernmost part of Vietnam). When himself dethroned, King Sri Timmaraja flees to Ayutthaya for support. This incident gives rise to an armed conflict between Siam and Cambodia, with Siam re-establishing its sovereignty over Cambodia.

1733, Jan - King Taisra dies and his brother succeeds him on the throne under the title King Boromakot. Hardly surprising, he first had to defeat two of King Taisra's sons who also contended for the throne. This time it happened in a short civil war within the city of Ayutthaya. A third son of King Taisra escapes into the saffron rob.

1733 - Some 300 Chinese settlers attack the palace of Ayutthaya. They are pacified and thereafter executed.

1753 - A Ceylonese embassy is sent to Ayutthaya with the objective to borrow some Siamese Buddhist priests in order to purify and reform Buddhism in Ceylon.

1758, May - Prince Utumpon succeeds King Boromakot on the throne. He is only the second born royal son of Boromakot. However, his older brother, Prince Ekatat, was considered as lacking intelligence by their father and therefore ordered to become a monk. During his first weeks on the throne, King Utumpon has three half-brothers arrested and executed. However, when his elder brother, Prince Ekatat, shows ambitions to become king, he refrains from drastic action and chooses monkshood instead.

1758, Aug - King Utumpon abdicates the throne and retires at Wat Pradu. He is succeeded by Prince Ekatat who assumes the title Boromaraja V.

1758-1760 - It is Siam's bad luck that while it is ruled by one of its weakest kings, a new powerful dynasty rises in neighboring Burma. After Burma had disintegrated in the preceding decades, a determined former headman of the Burmese village Moksobo (later Shwebo) becomes King Alaungsaya and achieves to reunite the Burmese principalities under his rule after a breathtaking series of battle victories.

1759 - King Alaungsaya invades Siamese territory and regains for Burma the cities of Tavoy, Mergui and Tenesserim (on today's south Burmese territory).

1760, Apr - King Alaungsaya lays siege on Ayutthaya. Siamese King Ekatat who senses that he is not up to the task of leading the defense of the city invites his younger brother, the former King Utumpon to rule temporarily in his behalf. However, it is not Utumpon's leadership but an accident on the side of the Burmese that saves Ayutthaya for the time being. When the Burmese King Alaungsaya is badly wounded after handling himself a cannon in the bombardment of Ayutthaya, the Burmese call off their siege and retreat to Burma. King Alaungsaya dies on the way.

1760, May - Alaungsaya's son Manglok succeeds the throne of Burma.

1762 - With the Burmese danger contained, Utumpon retires again and returns to his monastery, leaving the fate of Siam in the hands of his older brother, King Ekatat.

1763, Nov - The Burmese King Manglok dies and his brother, Mongra, succeeds on the throne.

1763 - The Burmese invade Chiang Mai and the principality of Luang Prabang (now part of Laos) is captured.

1764 - A rebellion against the Burmese breaks out in Chiang Mai but is subdued after a while.

1765, Jun - The Burmese begin a new campaign against Siam, with one army moving south from Chiang Mai and another heading east from Burma. The destination is Ayutthaya.

1765, Oct - The Burmese army occupies much of the southern, western and northern territories of Siam.

1765, Dec - The Burmese army attacks Thonburi (Bangkok). Captain Ponney, an Englishman who supports the Siamese, inflicts heavy losses on the Burmese army. However, because King Ekatat envies Ponney's popularity, the captain is not given much support by the King which leads to the Burmese conquest of many territories south of Ayutthaya.

1766, Feb - The Burmese begin their siege of Ayutthaya. King Ekatat again offers his brother Utumpon to lead the defence of the city but this time Utumpon declines. Several months later, one of Ekatat's leading generals, Chao Phaya Taksin, accompanied by 500 troops, is able to break through the Burmese lines and flees from Ayutthaya. Taksin is the son of a Chinese father and a Siamese mother. His original name is Hai Hong. However, he was given the name Taksin because he had been the governor of the Siamese Tak province for a while.

1767, Apr 7 - After 14 months of siege, Ayutthaya falls and King Ekatat flees. The Burmese know no mercy with the city and its inhabitants. Unlike 198 years before, they are not contented with making Siam a vassal state; much rather it is the Burmese King Mongra's objective to destroy completely the Siamese capital. Ayutthaya is burned to the ground.

1767, May - Believing that he as achieved his aim of annihilating Ayutthaya, King Mongra retreats with his armies to Burma, just leaving a minimal force behind. In the meantime, Chao Phaya Taksin with his 500 Siamese troops remains in eastern Siamese territories which have not been directly influenced by the Burmese conquest and still have a functioning Siamese administration. The governor of Chantaburi, a province along the sea coast close to Cambodia befriends Taksin's small army but upon seeing Taksin as a competitor for power, he plans against Taksin's life. Being informed of this, Taksin attacks and captures the governor. Thus Taksin effectively becomes the ruler over the eastern Siamese provinces.

1767, Oct - Siamese from other parts of the former kingdom join Taksin. In the same month, Taksin attacks the Burmese force at Ayutthaya, killing its general and liberating the former capital from Burmese rule.

1767, Dec - Taksin transfers his capital to Thonburi, where he is crowned as new King of Siam. However, as he does not have a large military force to hold the kingdom together and to enforce central rule, Siam splits into 5 areas which are for a while quite independent from each other. These are:
1) Central Siam under King Taksin (Bangkok, Ratchaburi, Nakhon Pathom, Jaksi, Prachin, Chantaburi and Nakhon Sawan)
2) Peninsular provinces up to Chumphon under Phra Palat
3) Eastern provinces including Khorat under Prince Tep Pipit
4) Phitsanulok and part of Nakhon Sawan under Governor Buang
5) Extreme northern part of Phitsanulok province under King Kuan, the Priest King of Fang



1768, May - King Taksin tries to subdue Phitsanulok but fails. The governor is formally crowned as the King of Phitsanulok. After a week he dies and his son who is supposed to succeed him does not.

1768, Jul - The Priest King of Fang puts Phitsanulok under siege and becomes the ruler of all of northern Siam.

1768 - Because of his failure at Phitsanulok, King Taksin focuses his attention on the Khorat district and invades the area.

1769 - King Rama Tibodi of Cambodia flees to Thonburi to seek refuge after being dethroned by his brother, who thereafter assumes the title King Narai Raja.

1769, Mar - King Taksin returns to Thonburi after a series of successful invasion into the eastern provinces.

1774, Nov - King Taksin moves north.

1775, Jan 16 - King Taksin re-conquers Chiang Mai.

1775, Feb - The Burmese, encouraged by their previous conquest of the kingdom, try to subdue Siam again but fail.

History / Bangkok / Absolute Monarchy

1782, Apr 20 - Chao Phaya Chakri is crowned under the royal title of King Rama I, marking the beginning of the Chakri Dynasty which still exists today. One of Rama I's first major decisions concerned the layout of his capital. In short form, it is often said that Rama I founded Bangkok as his capital while before the capital has been Thonburi. However, in this abbreviated form, history is summarized not very accurately. First of all, Bangkok was not really founded by Rama I. It had been a settled area for several hundred years already and it had even been well-known to European merchants who commonly stopped over at Bangkok on their way to Ayutthaya. Second, the sharp demarcation between Thonburi and Bangkok is not justified. While European merchants stuck to the name of Bangkok for their place of stopover, the community left and right of the Chao Phaya river was known to the Siamese as the town of Thonburi, having been elevated from the village status of Bangkok. Thonburi was chosen by King Taksin as his capital. And while it is true that King Taksin had erected his palace and all major buildings on the right bank of the Chao Phaya river, the city of Thonburi encompassed settled areas on both banks. King Taksin's rationale had been to have the river flowing through the capital as he feared another Burmese attack and in that case wanted to have an easy escape option. This option was maintained by having the river flowing through not just alongside the capital. His idea was that he could embark his people and troops rather unnoticed and then make a get-away on the Chao Phaya. His destination would have been his old stronghold of Chantaburi on the east coast, close to what is now Cambodia. On the other hand, when Chao Phaya Chakri became King of Siam, the Burmese threat was by far not as eminent any more; Siam was again a strong power, on equal footing with the Burmese. Rama I didn't think in terms of easy escape routes anymore, but in terms of strong defense. He had no intention of vacating his capital, should the Burmese march on it - he wanted to defend it by all means. For this purpose, however, a river flowing through the capital was a disadvantage as it could have served as an hard to secure entry point. Therefore, he decided to neglect the western, larger side of what had been Thonburi, instead concentrating everything important on the eastern side. This included, of course, first of all his own palace. To make space for his palace where it is still located, a large settlement on the eastern side of Thonburi had to be razed. The present palace area had largely been occupied by Chinese inhabitants at the end of the 18th century. Chao Phaya Chakri had the whole Chinese community transferred some three kilometers downstream, to an area then known as Sampheng. The Chinese even now live in that area, and Sampheng Lane now is a famous Chinese shopping area (after it had been a red-light district for many decades).

1785 - Work is by and large completed on the Grand Palace and the Temple of the Emerald Buddha. The new capital, now more or less just covering the area on the eastern side of the Chao Phaya is inaugurated under the new name "Khrung Thep Maha Nakhon Amorn Rattanakosindra Mahindrayutthaya Mahadilokpop Noparattana Radchhani Burirom Udom Rachnivet Mahastan Amorn Pimarn Avatarn Satit Sakatuttiya Vishnukarm Prasit." In English: "City of Angels, Great City and Residence of the Emerald Buddha, Impregnable City of God Indra, Grand Capital of the World, Endowed with Nine Precious Gems, Abounding in Enormous Royal Palaces which Resemble the Heavenly Abode where Reigns the Reincarnated God, a City given by Indra and Built by Vishnukarm". For convenience, it is the custom to abbreviate the name. And for their further convenience, Western merchants continued to call the place just Bangkok.

1785 - Renewed attacks by the Burmese are repelled.

1887 - The Burmese attack the north of the Siamese Kingdom and are beaten again.

1793 - Rama I invades Burmese provinces extending into the Malay peninsula but fails to annex the area.

1809, Dec 7 - King Rama I dies at the age of 72 and one of his sons (he had 17 plus 25 daughters) succeeds under the royal title of King Rama II. Succession rules in Siam differed from those common in Europe. The King had a free hand to chose his successor. The most likely successor to a king was not one of his sons but one of his brothers. Usually, the successor was appointed early in the reign of a king. He was given the title Prince or King of the Front Palace (Maha Uparat), and the way palaces had been built in Siam since Ayutthaya times, he indeed occupied a palace that was in front of the one of the reigning monarch. Aside from the Prince or King of the Front Palace there usually also was a Prince or King of the Rear Palace. He was designated the second in line to the throne, should the Prince or King of the Front Palace die before the reigning monarch. Normally, the Prince or King of the Rear Palace was another brother of the reigning monarch. It was at the discretion of the reigning monarch to appoint or not to appoint kings or princes of the front or the rear palaces. Often, reigning monarches appointed the occupants of the two side palaces only once in their lifetimes. Did these occupants of the side palaces die before the reigning monarch, the succession question was often left open. Theoretically in such a case the Council of Accession convened and chose one among them to succeed a deceased king. The Council of Accession was typically made up of several dozens of princes and high government officials, usually but not necessarily princes; as Siamese kings have often been industrious procreators, there has normally never been a shortage of able family members to fill all important government positions with family members (a situation that still exists in the states of the Arabian Peninsula). While succession questions were well ordered in theory, it wasn't achieved before the Chakri Dynasty that succession matters were in practice handled as prescribed by the rules. During the Ayutthaya period, it had often been an ambitious palace official who ascended the throne instead of a designated heir, especially when the king to be was underage.

1810 - The Burmese invade areas in the Peninsula and for a while hold Phuket but are easily expelled when some 20,000 Thai men are sent to fight them.

1818 - Portugal sends an envoy, Carlos Manuel Silveira, to Siam and a commercial agreement between the two nations is concluded.

1821 - Kedah (at present a state of Malaysia, bordering Thailand, then ruled by the Burmese) is invaded by Siam and its Sultan flees to Penang.

1822 - British trade with Siam is developed.

1824 - The 1st Anglo-Burmese war (1824-1826) breaks out over disputes along the border between Burma and India, then ruled by the British. The British approach Siam to become their ally. Siam profits from the war as the conflict binds the Burmese armies to the west, thereby not posing a threat to the Siamese Kingdom to the east of Burma.

1824, Feb 24 - An alliance pact between Siam and Great Britain is concluded. Despite being an ally of Great Britain, Siam takes no active participation during the war in Burma. However, Siam grants Great Britain some of its occupied Burmese territories - the provinces of Arakan, Martaban, Tavoy and Tenesserim. The area is by and large identical with those parts of present-day Burma that reach into the narrow Malay peninsula. These are the first land concessions by Siam to the European powers Great Britain and France. More substantial concessions of Thai soil to the European colonial powers will follow. In it's widest extend, the Siam of the early Bangkok period encompassed all of the present Laos and Cambodia, some parts of what is at present northeastern Burma, even a tip of the present Chinese Yunnan province and parts of what is today northern Malaysia. Siam had it's longest border with the Annamese Kingdom (the present Vietnam) to the east, a shorter border with China to the north, a short, fairly horizontal border with Malaya in the south and to the east a border with Burma, pretty much the same as it is today.

1824, Jul 20 - King Rama II dies at 57, without having appointed a heir to the throne (in spite of the fact that he had 38 male and 35 female children from 38 different mothers). With the consent of the Accession Council (comprised mainly of members of the royal family) Prince Jetta, the eldest son of Rama II but begotten with a non-royal wife succeeds the throne - instead of Prince Maha Mongkut, the eldest son of the King by a royal mother who could have been considered the rightful successor to the King. But due to Prince Maha Mongkut's exposure and prominent participation in numerous public affairs, Prince Jetta wins the support of the Accession Council so that no opposition comes up during his proclamation as King Rama III. His posthumous title is Phra Nangklao.

1826 - A treaty of friendship and commerce is concluded between Siam and the British East India Company (against which the Siamese King Narai had declared war more than 100 years before).

1833 - Siam concludes its first treaty of amity and commerce with the US.

1838 - The former Sultan of Kedah tries to regain control of his territory. Siam invades Kedah again, affecting the nearby Malay territories which had already been accepted as belonging to Great Britain thus straining the relationship between Siam and Great Britain.

1851, Apr 2 - Upon the death of his half brother, King Rama III, Prince Maha Mongkut is finally crowned King Rama IV, assuming the royal title Phra Chomklao. After missing out on the throne in 1824, he had become a Buddhist monk for 27 years and lived a highly disciplined live in northern Siam. He even founded the monastic sect Thammayut which still exists and whose rules are stricter than those of the larger Mahanikai sect. During his monastic life, he studied Western science as well as Western and Eastern languages. With this background he intends to open Siam to the west. The opening brought about by Mongkut probably saves the Thai kingdom from becoming a colony of either Britain or France. By making concessions and by and large granting the European powers what they think they urgently need, he avoids his kingdom becoming a target for European conquest. One of the main matters, Mongkut has to grant the European powers are rights on free trade.

1852 - The 2nd Anglo-Burmese war breaks out. The rest of the southern provinces of Burma (with Pegu being the most important) are annexed to the British Empire. Siam still maintains neutrality.

1855, Apr 18 - By virtue of a treaty between Siam and Great Britain, a consular jurisdiction is established in Siam; residences of British subjects become restricted, extraterritorial areas; import duties are lowered. This agreement follows a pattern imposed by European powers through force on many east Asian countries.

1856, Apr 15 - Through Townsend Harris, the US begins negotiating with Siam to amend their 1833 treaty (the amendments should be of advantage for the US).

1856, May 29 - The new Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Immigration is concluded between the US and Siam. Stephen Mathon is sent as the first US consul to Bangkok.

1862 - Construction of a more advanced infrastructure system begins; it concentrates on roads (transportation so far had been mainly on canals). Most significant is the construction of Charoen Krung or New Road along the Chao Phaya River in Bangkok.

1863, Aug 11 - Cambodia though in the preceding decades a vassal of Siam becomes a French protectorate by virtue of a treaty concluded between Cambodian King Norodom and France.

1867, Jul 15 - Siam stops collecting taxes and tribute from Cambodia, recognizes the country as a French protectorate and annuls all earlier treaties between Siam and Cambodia. However, (for the time being) the Cambodian provinces of Battambang and Seemap bordering Thailand are excepted and recognized as belonging to Siam.

1868, Oct 1 - Upon the demise of King Rama IV, his eldest son, Chulalongkorn (one out of 39 sons and 43 daughters from 39 wives) ascends the throne. Chulalongkorn (King Rama V) had been given a sound education which included English lessons. These he received from the English widow Anna Leonowens who wrote two books on her experiences, An English Governess at the Siamese Court and Romance of a Harem. Based on Anna Leonowens' books, the fairly ridiculous film The King and I was made - ridiculous because it views the 19th century with the eyes of the 20th and lacks any historic understanding. (The film was banned in Thailand). Like his father, Chulalongkorn not only is a very able politician but also a ruler, modern for his times. He abolishes the practice of prostration in royal presence and issues a royal decree that every Siamese born during his regime is a free man, thus eliminating slavery. However, in order to prevent social upheaval in conservative quarters, slavery is phased out only gradually.

1871 - The first school in Siam is established; it caters only to the children of the royal families.

1874, Apr 15 - King Rama V creates a Privy Council. It is composed of 49 members (13 princes and 36 high officials).

1874, May 8 - King Rama V reforms the administrative political set-up by creating a Council of State composed of 12 members from the Phaya rank (the highest rank of nobility outside the royal families).

1882 - Siamese resident ministers are appointed to serve in Western countries and Japan with the aim of projecting Siam as an independent country, worthy of being a member of the family of nations.

1882, Apr 1 - The administrative structure of Siam is changed to 12 ministries under twelve ministers directly responsible to the King as the virtual prime minister.

1884 - The first state school for non-royal Siamese is opened in Bangkok.

1885 - The office of the Maha Uparat (Second King) is abolished. The Second King has usually been a brother or son of the King, chosen and appointed by the King at his discretion.

1887 - The Department of Education is created to manage schools in Siam. This department is later elevated to a ministry.

1893 - French expansionist politics cause friction with Siam. France withdraws its whole diplomatic mission from Bangkok.

1893, Jul 13 - Because the French insist on the passage of 2 French merchant vessels through the Mekong River, there is a military skirmish between French and Siamese troops. (While the lower part of the Mekong was anyway flowing through the French-ruled regions of Vietnam and Cambodia, the upper part was entirely located in Siamese territory, as Laos at that time was an integral part of Siam.)

1893, Jul 20 - The French blockade the Gulf of Siam with warships as they are dissatisfied with the response to an ultimatum given the Siamese foreign minister, Prince Dewawangse. The ultimatum threatens to blockade the Thai coast if the French are denied access to the Mekong River.

1893, Jul 29 - In connection with the ultimatum, the French confront Siam with a set of conditions; they concern substantial land concessions as well as trading rights.

1893, Aug 3 - Siam accepts the conditions and the blockade is lifted.

1893, Oct 3 - Siam, in its desire to maintain its independence, agrees to a new treaty with France that brings no advantages, just losses, to Siam. In the treaty, Siam yields all its territories on the left bank of the Mekong to France (basically the territory of the present Laos), plus all the islands in the river; Siam refrains from using the Mekong for war vessels; on a width of 25 kilometers (16mi) at the right side of the Mekong, Siam is not allowed to build or maintain any military installations; Siam is not allowed to build or maintain any military facilities in the provinces of Battambang and Seemap (today Cambodian provinces along the Cambodian/Thai border); the French reserve the right to open consulates in the towns of Nan and Khorat on Siamese territory. There are further paragraphs to the agreement, too many to list them all here. All paragraphs have, however, one thing in common: they favor France at the expense of Siam.

1896 - An Anglo-French agreement is signed promising to maintain the sovereignty of Siam despite their policies of colonial expansion.

1897/1907 - In his desire for international recognition of Siam as a state, King Chulalongkorn renews and strengthens his ties to kings and emperors of the world by two journeys to Europe and personal contacts with leaders in Europe.

1902 - Paper money is introduced replacing the flat silver coin exclusively used before.

1905 - Slavery is completely abolished. The first foreign loan is obtained from London. It is intended to meet urgent expenses in railway construction.

1907 - Siam cedes the provinces of Battambang and Seemap (today Cambodian provinces along the Cambodian/Thai border) to France.

1908 - Courts of law are established in Siam.

1909 - Siam cedes to Britain its southernmost provinces Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Trengganu which are basically Malay inhabited (and today are part of Malaysia).

1910, Oct 23 - After King Chulalongkorn's death, Prince Vajiravudh (Jan 1, 1881 - Nov 25, 1925) succeeds him as ruler of Siam under the title Rama VI. A gifted writer himself, he substantially sponsors the arts. Among the most important political achievements of his tenure are the reviews of many one-sided treaties with western powers.

1911, Nov - Coronation of Prince Vajiravudh as King Rama VI. It is the first coronation in Siam attended by representatives of world powers.

1913 - Surnames are created for every Siamese family. Traditional gambling houses and lotteries are abolished.

1914, Aug - World War I breaks out and Siam's declaration of neutrality is good only as far as state policy is concerned. Being an alumnus of a British school and the holder of an honorary rank of General in the British army, King Rama VI is conclusively an anglophile. His personal alliance to the British is manifested by his large donations to the British war chest and his repeated vocal resentment of German atrocities.

1917, Mar 17 - Chulalongkorn University, the first university in Siam, is established.

1917, Apr 6 - The US declares war on the Central Powers. Simultaneously, an appeal is issued to all neutral countries to join the struggle to uphold the rights of freedom for small powers.

1917, Jul 22 - Siam joins the allies and participates in Word War I. All Germans and Belgians in Siam are arrested and jailed in Bangkok. An expeditionary force of some 1,200 men is sent to Europe, but as the training and acclimatizing period takes long, the war ends (Nov 12, 1918) before they experience combat. The Siamese willingness to participate in the war nevertheless strengthens the bonds of friendship between Siam, France and Great Britain.

1920 - Vietnamese communist organizer Ho Chi Minh begins propaganda work among the Vietnamese expatriates in northeastern Siam.

1923, Dec 17 - Siam adopts the metric system of weights and measures.

1925 - Rama VI dies at the age of 44. Having remained a bachelor until the age of 38, his only son is born a day before his death. After the death of King Rama VI, his younger brother Prince Prajadhipok (Nov 8, 1893 - May 30, 1941) succeeds the throne under the title Rama VII. As he is the 76th child of King Chulalongkorn and only the fifth son of the one of Chulalongkorn's wife the King had elected Queen, he was only fourth in line of succession after King Rama VI. As he ascends the Siamese throne only because his elder brothers had, unexpectedly, all died early, he was not well prepared for the task, from his up-bringing as well as personally. Furthermore, he was not in the best of health (and only reaches the age of 48).

1927, Nov 30 - The Privy Council meets for the first time after its creation in 1877 and elects Prince Bidyalangkorn as its President.

1931 - The Siam division of the Communist Party of China is organized. It is dedicated to furthering the ambitions of the Chinese communists rather than to a Thai revolution.

History / Bangkok / Constitutional Monarchy

1932, Jun 24 - The secret People's Party, composed of Siamese educated in Europe, some of them in high positions in the royal government or the military, topples the absolute monarchy while King Prajadhipok is at his summer residence in Hua Hin. Some 40 princes, high government officials and senior military officers are arrested and held hostage at the Ananlasanakan Hall in Bangkok. The group send the following telegram to King Prajadhipok:

"The People's Party consisting of civil and military officials have now taken over the administration of the country and have taken members of the Royal Family such as H.R.H. Prince Nakhon Sawan as hostages. If members of the People's Party have received any injuries, the Princes held in pawn will suffer in consequence. The People's Party have no desire to make a seizure of the Royal possessions in any way. Their principal aim is to have a constitutional monarchy. We therefore invite Your Majesty to return to the Capital to reign again as king under the constitutional monarchy as established by the People's Party. If your Majesty refuses to accept the offer or refrains from replying within one hour after the receipt of this message, the People's Party will proclaim the constitutional monarchical government by appointing another Prince whom they consider to be efficient to act as King."

King Prajadhipok replied with the following telegram:

"I have received the letter in which you invite me to return to Bangkok as a constitutional monarch. For the sake of peace; and in order to save useless bloodshed; to avoid confusion and loss to the country; and, more, because I have already considered making this change myself, I am willing to cooperate in the establishment of a constitution under which I am willing to serve. Furthermore, there is a possibility that, if I decline to continue in my office as king, the foreign powers will not recognize the new government. This might entail considerable difficulty for the government. Physically I am not strong. I have no children to succeed me. My life expectancy is not long, at least if I continue in this office. I have no desire for position or for personal aggrandizement. My ability to advance the progress of the race alone constrains me. Accept this sincere expression of my feelings."

Several of the members of the People's Party who topple the absolute monarchy will play a predominant role in Thai politics for the next 30 years.
Participant Phibul Songkhran will be prime minister for around 15 years, 1938 to 1944 and 1948 to 1957, sometimes with dictatorial powers, sometimes without; sometimes reaching the position through a coup d'etat, sometimes through an election.
Khuang Aphaiwong serves four short terms as prime minister at the end of, and immediately after Word War II. The first two times he will step down from office after just a few weeks because of quarrels within the government or with the National Assembly; the third time his terms lasts just a few weeks until the next general election; the forth is interrupted after a few weeks by a military coup d'etat.
The most colorful figure of the initial group of revolutionaries is, however, Pridi Panomyong. In the first few governments of the People's Party, he is in charge of the economy. When he is suspected to be a communist he has to go into exile for the first time. He later takes part in a coup that installs Phibul Songkhran. However, when the Phibul allies himself with the Japanese during World War II, it's Pridi Panomyong who organizes the underground resistance movement against the Japanese and Phibul Songkhran. Pridi, after being a member of the Council of Regents, ends up for a while as the sole Regent of Thailand, in behalf of the minor King Ananda Mahidol. He also serves a short term as prime minister after World War II. When the military reinstalls Phibul Songkhran as prime minister in 1948, he attempts to overthrow him with the help of another military fraction but fails. Pridi Panomyong dies 1983 at the age of 83 in exile in Paris, but three years later his ashes are spread into the Gulf of Thailand in a state ceremony.

1932, Jun 25 - King Rama VII returns to Bangkok.

1932, Jun 27 - All department heads, ministers and secretaries of the monarchial system of government are retired. The Executive Committee of the People's Party is assigned as provisional government and a National Assembly is created. The legislative National Assembly is composed of 70 appointed members.

1932, Dec 10 - King Rama VII promulgates the constitution, patterned after Western constitutions. It provides for a Parliament of which half of the members are elected and the other half appointed by Royal Command on recommendation of the cabinet. The prime minister is to be appointed by the King on recommendation of the National Assembly. Phaya Monapahorn Nitithada (1884 - 1948) of the People's Party is appointed the first prime minister. Royal Pardon is granted to the participants of the revolution.

1933, Mar 1 - Minister of Economy, People's Party member Pridi Panomyong (1900 - 1983) presents a national economic policy based on a socialist pattern with a touch of liberalism. He is accused of being a communist.

1933, Apr 1 - For alleged communistic leanings of the present government, Prime Minister Phaya Monapahorn Nitithada requests the King to grant him dictatorial powers and to suspend the session of the Assembly and some of the provisions of the newly implemented constitution. The King, again left with little choice as actual power rests with the prime minister, agrees. Adherence to Communism becomes punishable by 10 years imprisonment. Dissatisfaction arises in some sectors of the People's Party leading to the resignation of cabinet members including former Minister of Economy, Pridi Panomyong, who silently goes into exile.

1933, Jun 20 - Disgruntled members of the People's Party topple the government of Phaya Monapahorn Nitithada, whose turn it becomes to go into exile (he chooses Penang were he lives until his death). The National Assembly is reopened; Phaya Bahol Polpayushasena (1888 - 1947) becomes prime minister.

1933, Oct 11 - In protest of the new constitutional government, a revolt headed by General Prince Bovoradej breaks out and fighting occurs in Bongkhen, Laksi and Dammuang.

1933, Oct 24 - The revolt ends with a victory of the government army, led by Colonel Phibul Songkhran.

1933, Nov - The first national election in Siam is held for the 78 elective seats in the assembly. Bahol Polpayushasena remains prime minister.

1934, Jan - King Rama VII leaves for Europe as the sentiment of the public for the royal family cools. Pridi Panomyong is allowed to return to Bangkok after he is cleared of charges of being a communist.

1935, Mar 2 - King Rama VII abdicates, leaving no successor. The National Assembly proclaims his nephew, Prince Ananda Mahidol, a boy of 10, as legal heir to the throne. As the proclaimed monarch (who is given the title of Rama VIII) is underage and aside of that staying with his family in Switzerland where he attends school, the National Assembly appoints a Council of Regency to act on his behalf.

1938, Dec 16 - Pridi Panomyong, aided by the army group of Phibul Songkhran, a key military leader in the suppression of the attempted coup d'etat of 1933, oust Prime Minister Bahol from his post. Phibul Songkhran is appointed prime minister by the Council of Regency. He concurrently takes the post of Minister of Defense. Pridi Panomyong becomes Minister of the Interior.

1939 - A drift toward military dictatorship begins. The prime minister's assumption of complete power negates the idea of constitutional and democratic government.

1939, Sep 3 - World War II begins in Europe and Siam declares neutrality. To be protected from outside aggression, Siam signs a treaty with Japan making Siam an ally of the Japanese who in exchange recognize her territorial integrity.

1940, Jun 12 - Non-aggression pacts are also concluded by Siam with Britain and France.

1941, Dec 7 - Siam and Japan clash as Japan demands free passage through Siam to attack the English territories and Thais resist.

1941, Dec 8 - Japan starts the war in Asia and the Pacific by bombing Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the Philippines and Singapore. While Winston Churchill advises Siam to defend herself, Siam allows free passage to Japanese troops. Japan promises to respect Siam's independence and sovereignty.

1941, Dec 21 - Japan and Siam sign an alliance pact which includes the agreement that Tokyo will help Bangkok get back territories lost to Britain decades earlier. Siam in return undertakes to assist Japan in the war against the US and the United Kingdom.

1942, Jan 25- British and American planes begin raiding Bangkok and Siam declares war on the UK and the US.

1942 - Phibul Songkhran comes into complete control of the government without any organized opposition. He concentrates on foreign affairs and international politics, hoping to bring power to Siam.

1942, Dec 1 - Communist forces that have been operating in Siam since 1927 formally organize the Communist Party of Siam.

1943 - Pridi Panomyong organizes an underground resistance movement against the Japanese in Siam, in cooperation with the Free Thai Movement in the US, founded by the Siamese Ambassador to Washington, Seni Pramoj who had earlier refused to deliver Prime Minister Phibul Songkhran's declaration of war against the US to the US government. This action helps Siam gain the sympathy and support of the allies.

1944, Jul - Phibul Songkhran's government is toppled by its own National Assembly.

1944, Aug - Khuang Aphaiwong (1902 - 1968), still a member of the original group of the People's Party that staged the revolution against the absolute monarchy, is appointed the new prime minister. He returns to titles of nobility as well as the old system of writing and drawing, all of which had been abolished by Phibul Songkhran whose main intention, aside from personal power, had been to turn Thailand into a more modern country. All political prisoners are released.

1945, Aug 15 - Word War II ends.

1945, Aug 16 - With approval of the National Assembly, Siam's declaration of war on the US and Great Britain is repudiated by Pridi Panomyong, at that time the sole Regent of Siam in behalf of King Ananda Mahidol who still studies in Switzerland.

1945, Sep 1 - Prime Minister Khuang resigns from office and the disobedient former ambassador to Washington, Seni Pramoj, becomes new prime minister. Khuang organizes the Democratic Party, the first political party in Siam composed of conservative and monarchist groups.

1946, Jan 1 - Siam signs a peace pact with Great Britain and India.

1946, Jan 5 - Diplomatic relations with the US and Great Britain are re-established and treaties concluded prior to the war are revived.

1946, Feb - After general elections, Khuang Aphaiwong again becomes prime minister but as he doesn't want to accept a bill of the National Assembly to cut public expenses, steps down again after just a few weeks.

1946, Apr - Pridi Panomyong becomes prime minister.

1946, May 10 - A new constitution providing for two chambers in the National Assembly is proclaimed.

1946, Jun 9 - King Ananda Mahidol is found shot dead in his bed at the Grand Palace. His brother Bhumiphol Adulyadej is proclaimed King of Siam under the royal title King Rama IX.

1946, Aug - Pridi Panomyong is relieved as prime minister and Thawal Dhamrongnawaswasti takes over.

1946, Dec - Siam is admitted as the 55th member of the United Nations.

1947, Nov 8 - A military group including then Colonel Sarit Thanarat (June 16, 1908 - Dec 8, 1963) stages a bloodless coup d'etat. The conditions had been favorable as high increases in the costs of living have caused widespread discontent.

1947, Nov 9 - A new provisional constitution providing for a bicameral system is proclaimed. Upon the invitation of the coup leaders, Khuang Aphaiwong assumes for the third time the office of prime minister. The group also reinstalls Phibul Songkhran, who had ruled Siam for the most time since 1938, as commander-in-chief of the army

1948, Jan 29 - A general election is held which puts the Democratic Party in the majority in the Assembly. In this election, Prasert Rapsunthorn, the Communist Party of Siam's first postwar secretary general is elected to Parliament.

1948, Feb - Khuang, founder and leader of the victorious Democratic Party, is re-elected by the new National Assembly as the prime minister of Siam.

1948, Apr 6 - Khuang Aphaiwong is forced by the army to resign for failure to bring down the high costs of living. Phibul Songkhran becomes prime minister again.

1949, Feb 26 - Pridi Panomyong backed by supporters attempts a coup which is poorly executed despite being well-planned.

1949, Feb 29 - The coup, with numerous casualties, is crushed by Phibul's army forces. Pridi Panomyong flees to China.

1949, Mar 23 - A new permanent constitution is proclaimed as replacement of the provisional constitution of 1947. Siam changes its name to Thailand ("Phratet Thai" in Thai).

1950 - Thailand sends forces to Korea in response to the UN's appeal for troops.

1951, Jun 29 - In an effort to challenge the political power of the army and to regain some influence in national affairs, a group of navy officers kidnap Prime Minister and military strongman Marshall Phibul Songkhran while he attends the ceremony to receive from the US a dredger named Manhattan as part of their military assistance to Thailand. While being held hostage aboard the ship for several days, negotiation for organizing a new form of government are conducted. This event, although finally crushed by government-loyal soldiers, has negative effects on the position of Phibul Songkhran. Power and influence pass, rather silently, to General Sarit Thanarat and General Pao (the two will later become rivals).

1951 - Cadres of the Communist Party of Thailand begin to infiltrate the countryside. There are several groups of communists in Thailand. The Communist Party of Thailand seeks to overthrow the government and monarchy. The Communist Party of Malaya on the border of Thailand and Malaya has Malaya as its main interest but has included a part of Thailand in its subversive activities. The third is a minor communist group with Marxist/Leninist orientations, operating in the cities as well as the countryside. Of the three, the Communist Party of Thailand is the most serious threat.

1951, Nov 29 - Generals Sarit Thanarat and Pao Sriyanonda dissolve the National Assembly. The event is known as the "radio coup" as it is just reported on the radio without further elaboration. The new military strongmen seek to reinstate the 1932 constitution and rule rather from the background, keeping Marshall Phibul Songkhran as prime minister though with considerably less influence.

1952 - The government appoints the "upper" half of the members of the new unicameral Assembly; most appointees are from the rich class. On the other hand, the Communist Party of Thailand, realizing the lack of capable cadres, begins sending students for Marxist-Leninist education to China and North Vietnam. Communism becomes banned in Thailand.

1952, Feb - General elections for members of the "lower" half of the Assembly are held. Military backed candidates win by large margins.

1948-1953 - Years of prosperity in Thailand due to high yields in rice.

1952-1955 - Corruption and political intrigues grow and suppressive measures are adopted against suspected leftists.

1954 - Thailand becomes a founding member of the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) along with the US, Great Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines and Pakistan. Its headquarters is in Bangkok.

1957, Feb - A general election is held but marred by massive cheating as a result of the multiple party system, introduced two years earlier.

1957, May - King Bhumiphol shows dissatisfaction with Field Marshall Phibul Songkhran by not attending the ceremonies to celebrate the 2,500th anniversary of Buddhism. Foreign educated Communist cadres return to change the image of Communism in the countryside and front organizations are formed.

1957, Sep 16 - The Military Party, led by army chief Sarit Thanarat, seizes power and ousts Marshall Phibul Songkhran and General Pao Sriyanonda. Phibul flees via Cambodia to Japan where he dies in 1964 without staging another comeback on the Thai political scene. Pao flees to Switzerland where he remains until his death a few years later. Pote Sarasin serves as caretaker prime minister.

1958, Jan - After another general election, Thanom Kittikachorn becomes prime minister of Thailand.

1958, Oct 20 - Another coup d'etat by army chief Sarit Thanarat takes place, allegedly because of the government failed to solve economic problems.

1959, Jan 28 - The Revolutionary Party of Sarit Thanarat (at the previous coup, his party was named Military Party) proclaims a new constitution and forms a National Assembly which nominates Sarit Thanarat (June 16, 1908 - Dec 8, 1963) as prime minister.

1961 - The Sarit Thanarat government announces its First 6-Year Plan. Subsequent governments will keep the habit of making economic development plans in the form of such plans. In the same year, the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA) is organized by Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines. Later it will be enlarged and adopt the name Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The Communist Party of Thailand resolves to launch a "people's war".

1961-1962 - Suspected Communists are arrested and executed. The Communist Party adopts a Maoist strategic line.

1963, Dec 8 - Sarit Thanarat dies of liver malfunction and Thanom Kittikachorn is appointed prime minister by King Bhumiphol.

1964 - Conditions in Indochina look threatening to both the US and Thailand. As the US moves in troops, Thailand's involvement deepens as it becomes the staging ground for US operations in Laos. At the same time, internal insurgency grows into national proportions.

1965, Jan 1 - The Communist Party of Thailand declares the formation of the People's Liberation Army, its military arm. Likewise two front organizations are put up namely the Thai Independence Movement and the Thai Patriotic Front.

1965, Aug 5 - The first Communist Party of Thailand's armed attack on Thai authorities takes place near Nakhon Phanom in the northeast where a jeep load of police is ambushed.

1965, Aug 7 - A communist offensive begins at Phupon Range in northeastern Thailand and spreads in all directions.

1965 - Thailand becomes directly involved in the wars in Indochina as it begins sending combat units to South Vietnam amounting to 14% of the Royal Thai Army's total strength. Domestically the government launches a nationwide Communism Prevention Program which forces hundreds of communist terrorists to flee into the forests. Encounters between Thai government forces and the troops of the Communist Party of Malaysia begin in the southern provinces.

1965, Nov - In the Daendin district of Sakhon Nakhon in northeastern Thailand, the army holds a Communism Suppression Campaignduring which tanks, aircraft and artillery fire vaguely in the direction of communist bases. Later, the army turns savagely on the inhabitants of Ban Bor Kae Noi district.

1966 - A radio broadcast from China called the Voice of the People of Thailand begins airing to Thailand. At Mt Hin Lat Thap Fa in Udon Thani province in northeastern Thailand, Suivit Niemshi a.k.a. Sahai Yudh forms an impregnable camp as a staging point for a planned communist advance to Bangkok. It is called Base Asia; a communist government is established there.

1967 - Leaders of the ASEAN countries, including those of new members like Singapore and Indonesia, sign the Bangkok Declaration. Member countries bind themselves to help each other to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development through joint endeavors in a spirit of equality and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of southeast Asian nations.

1967, Nov - The Red Meo War takes place in which tribe people of the north fight against the central government for trying to evacuate them.

1968-1975 - Effects of the Vietnam War are felt in Thailand in nearly every aspect of life. Construction of hotels, bars and massage parlors picks up as there is a lot of requests for such facilities from US military personnel engaged in the Vietnam War and in Thailand for R & R (rest and recreation).

1968, Jun 20 - A new constitution is promulgated, creating a bicameral parliament consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives.

1968, Jul 26 - A 5-man group of communist guerillas under Sahai Yudh enters the Royal Thai Air Force Base at Udon Thani and destroys aircraft used against targets in Vietnam. One Thai security guard is killed.

1969, Feb 10 - A general election is held.

1969, Mar 7 - Thanom Kittikachorn is elected by Parliament and becomes prime minister of Thailand for the 3rd time.

1969 - The National Student Center of Thailand, an organization of student activists, is formed while communists recruit village soldiers.

1971 - Thai communists adopt a program to create combat villages that will provide protection to "liberated" areas.

1971, Oct - Students first show signs of becoming a politically active group when they hold their first major demonstrations.

1971, Nov 17 - Field Marshall Thanom Kittikachorn stages a bloodless coup d'etat against his own government. He takes complete dictatorial control of the kingdom, abrogates the constitution, dissolves the parliament, disbands the cabinet and proclaims martial law. Cited reasons are the alleged non-effectivness of the constitution, non-cooperation of political parties, and terrorism in the north. The Revolutionary Party, controlled by Thanom, backs his dictatorial government. A 5 member National Executive Council is formed, chaired by Thanom. Among the other members are former prime minister Pote Sarasin and Field Marshall Prapass Charusathiara.

1972 - The communist insurgency swells in the northern provinces. Communist guerillas go as far as using helicopters to attack Thai military positions. Laotian guerrillas are believed to take part in offensive actions of the Communist Party of Thailand in Nan Province.

1972, Nov - Throughout the month, the National Student Center of Thailand (NSCT) conducts a campaign against Japanese goods. The students demand that Tokyo makes concessions concerning Thailand's trade deficit with Japan. Anti-Japanese feelings in the Thai population raise to a level, not reached since the end of World War II. The anti-Japanese campaign marks the beginning of the students' recognition as a political force in Thailand.

1972, Dec - The NSCT holds the first protracted rally, directed against the junta's decision to consolidate its power by placing the judiciary under direct government control.

1972, Dec 1 - At 12:23, the auspicious time given by the royal astrologer, Prince Vijiravudh, eldest son of King Bhumiphol, is invested as Crown Prince.

1972, Dec 15 - A new legislative Interim Assembly is instituted and the prime minister is entrusted with forming a new cabinet.

Mid 73 - Student demonstrations widen.

1973, Oct 14 - A student rally develops into a colossal protest which leads to a confrontation of soldiers and students. As the confrontation becomes violent more than 400 people die, several thousands are wounded and 4 buildings are burned. The day is later designated as Wan Maha Wippasok (The most tragic day). King Bhumiphol persuades Prime Minister Field Marshall Thanom Kittikachorn and his two closest associates, Deputy Prime Minister Field Marshall Prapass Charusathiara and Colonel Narong Kittikachorn (a son of Thanom), to leave the country. The rector of Thammasat University, Sanya Dhammasakdi, is appointed prime minister. For several days, Bangkok remains in a state of chaos as police and military forces keep off the streets to escape acts of revenge from roaming bands, mainly composed of students.

1973, Dec 10 - The King selects thousands of individuals from all walks of life to represent the general population in electing among themselves members for an Interim National Assembly.

1973-1974 - Prices of commodities go up and social unrest, disorder and anti-government activities increase. The government of Sanya Dhammasakdi is widely considered weak.

1974 - The country becomes politicized along ideological lines. Leftist and rightist forces oppose and confront each other on political and non-political issues. The hotel and textile industries are badly hit by strikes.

1974, Mar 7 - The National Assembly begins deliberating a draft of a new constitution.

1974, Jun - In the leftist scene, links are established among students, workers, and peasants. Students provide protest facilities and act as mediators between workers and peasants on the one hand and the government on the other hand. Students are getting more sympathetic to the workers and peasants. However, the student movement splits with vocational students turning right and parting from the NSCT to form their own separate group called the Red Gaur. (The designation "red" in their name is misleading as they are rather opposed to communist ideology.) This split of the students' movement, for no clear reason, causes bomb throwing and violence. In an amazing development of group identities in the following months, academic students form a considerable leftist block while vocational students form an equally considerable rightist block.

1974, Jul 3 - A bloody 3-day riot begins in Bangkok's Chinatown when a Thai policeman issues a ticket for wrong parking to an ethnic Chinese taxi driver. Because the taxi driver is unwilling to obey police orders to move his vehicle, the police want to take him to the precinct. The riot breaks out when the taxi driver resists arrest and Chinese youth of the vicinity try to come to his rescue. The riot leaves 30 killed and hundreds injured. As many of the rioting bands had been youth, among them also some political motivated groups, student activism in general loses much of its popular support.

1974, Aug 15 - The draft constitution is approved by the National Assembly with 280 to 6 votes.

1974, Sept - Some 1,200 peasants from the northern and eastern portion of Thailand join demonstrations in Bangkok, supported by students, workers and even monks and novices. They demand land allocations, financial aid and enactment of a Land Rent Act. It is the biggest peasant demonstration in Thai history.

1974, Oct 7 - The tenth constitution takes effect.

1974, Oct - Demonstrations of leftist students concentrate on tin mining rights in the Gulf of Thailand because of foreign participation; alleged corruption behind the deal is exposed.

1975 - Communist regimes come to power in Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos.

1975, Jan 5 - 22 Political parties vie for mandates in a national parliamentary election. The Democratic Party wins 72 seats.

1975, Feb 15 - Diplomat Seni Pramoj, leader of the Democratic Party, is elected prime minister by a three party coalition.

1975, Feb 21 - Peasants' Federation of Thailand leaders are fatally shot.

1975, Mar 6 - After only 2 weeks in office, Seni Pramoj is forced to step down as Parliament refuses to endorse his political agenda.

1975, Mar 17 - Seni's younger brother, Kukrit Pramoj, forms a new government in spite of the fact that his Social Action Party has just 18 representatives in Parliament. Kukrit earns himself the reputation of an extremely skilled politician.

1975, Apr 17 - The Khmer Rouge move into Phnom Penh and take over Cambodia.

1975, Apr 30 - The Vietcong takes Saigon, thereby ending the Vietnam War with a communist victory. The fall of the two neighboring countries under communist rule encourages leftist groups in Thailand to revive their 'anti-imperialist' campaign.

1975, May - Thailand is one of the first non-communist countries to give diplomatic recognition to the Khmer Rouge government.

1975, May - For the second time, peasants from the northern and eastern parts of Thailand rally in Bangkok demanding land distribution, a comprehensive speedy land reform and suspension of all charges against peasant leaders. The government stands tough on these issues.

1975, Jun - Thai Prime Minister Kukrit Pramoj begins visiting countries considered to have unapproachable political philosophies, such as China. He meets Mao Zedong and Beijing agrees to have full diplomatic relations and exchange of embassies.

1975, Jun/Jul - Workers and student activists are hunted by rightist squads, seeking retaliation.

1975, Aug - Students and farmers stage a strike for the failure of the police authorities to give justice to the murdered leaders of the Farmer's Federation.

1975, Dec 2 - In Laos, the communist Pathet Lao takes over the government and declares the Laos People's Democratic Republic.

1976 - Various rightist organizations are formed to fight communism such as the New Force Movement and the Village Scout Organization.

1976 - Rightist groups become more and more violent throughout the year, time and again attacking left wing academic students' demonstrations. Several leftist politicians and student leaders are assassinated throughout the year. Foreign investment declines due to government instability.

1976, Jan 1 - Workers go on a major strike organized by the Confederation of Labor Unions in Thailand. The reason for the strike is an increase in prices of basic commodities. Because of the wide range effects of the strike, the government is forced to dictate lower prices.

1976, Jan 12 - Prime Minister Kukrit Pramoj dissolves Parliament after being plagued by different kinds of demands from some 2,000 officials gathered at Nawaphon. They are protesting against the presence of alleged communists disguised as socialists in Parliament.

1976, Apr 4 - A new general election is held with 19 competing parties. The Democratic Party wins 114 out of 279 seats.

1976, Apr 20 - Seni Pramoj is again elected by Parliament to serve as prime minister.

1976, Aug - Former military strongmen Thanom Kittikachorn returns as Buddhist monk to Thailand from self-exile in Singapore, a development which angers leftwing students.

1976, Oct 5 - Leftwing students assemble at the Thammasat University to protest the return of Field Marshall Thanom and his cohorts.

1976, Oct 6 - Thousands of rightwing activists concentrate around Thammasat University. Before noon, they start to attack the leftwing students and storm Thammasat University. After this initial attack, the rightwing mob is joined by police and military forces who start shooting indiscriminately at the students. Students who try to flee the campus are held and mutilated by the rightwing mob that has encircled the campus. The massacre lasts for almost two days. The official body count is 41 dead students, though unofficial figures are considerably higher. Almost 3,000 students are arrested and brought to various detention centers set up in a hurry. On the evening of October 6, a so-called National Administrative Reform Council, led by Admiral Sangad Chalawyoo, topples the government of Prime Minister Seni Pramoj and installs General Thanin Kraivixien as new prime minister. Leftwing activists flee in droves into the mountains to join the Communist Party of Thailand. The National Administrative Reform Council immediately dissolves the parliament; other political parties as well as groups with military activities are banned. The Thanin government becomes one of the most repressive in modern Thai history. Thanin is heavily guided in his day-to-day decisions by astrology and palmistry. He is himself a palmist, holding palm reading sessions with the fees going to charity projects; he once is also photographed reading from the palm of visiting Japanese Prime Minister Fukuda and his wife during their state visit to Thailand.

1977, Mar 26 - General Chalard Hiranyasiri attempts a coup against the Thanin government but fails. He is first demoted and, on April 21, 1977, executed by firing squad. Several of his collaborators are sentenced to life imprisonment.

1977, Oct 20 - Admiral Sangad Chalawyoo, whose coup on Oct 6, 1977 installed Thanin Kraivixien as prime minister, leads as Defence Minister of the Thanin government another successful coup, together with Supreme Commander General Kriangsak Chomanan. The coup plotters present themselves as the Revolutionary Party. The post of prime minister falls to Kriangsak. Though also military-installed, the Kriangsak government proves to be much less dictatorial than the Thanin government. While the Thanin government had scheduled a return to democracy within 12 years, the new military backed government promises elections within one year.

1978 - The Kriangsak government pursues a foreign policy of fence-mending with the communist neighbors to the east. Diplomatic relations are restored with Vietnam.

1978, Nov 4-8 - Deng Xiaoping of China visits Thailand. Agreements on trade and scientific cooperation are signed.

1978, Dec - Kriangsak enacts a constitution with temporary clauses that favor the military. The constitution institutes a two chamber parliament, with a lower house of elected representatives and an upper house of appointed senators. The way they are appointed, it is secured that the military will be represented with a substantial number of senators.

1979, Jan 7 - After almost a year of constantly increasing armed conflicts between the Chinese-oriented communists of Cambodia and the Soviet-oriented communists of Vietnam, Vietnamese troops, together with Cambodian recruits march into Phnom Penh, topple the Khmer Rouge regime and install a Vietnamese-backed puppet government. In the following months, the terror methods of the Khmer Rouge rulers are exposed to a shocked world public, sort of giving the Vietnamese a posthumous justification for the invasion of the neighboring country. However, Thailand feels threatened by the de facto territorial expansion of Communist Vietnam. In spite of the worldwide low regard of the Khmer Rouge, Thailand pops up financially, logistically and morally the Khmer Rouge remnants that have again turned into a guerilla force, as the Khmer Rouge are the potentially strongest counter balance in Cambodia against the Hanoi-installed and controlled government. Furthermore, Thailand also is instrumental in the establishment of two more anti-Phnom Penh guerilla forces, the rather rightist Khmer People's National Liberation Front of former Cambodian Prime Minister Son San and the forces loyal to ex-monarch Prince Norodom Sihanouk. The three guerilla fractions remain in control of areas bordering Thailand; Thailand even agrees to channel arms shipments from China to the Khmer Rouge through it's territory. Thai government policy pursues the worldwide economic isolation of Vietnam because of the Cambodian invasion, as well as the non-recognition of the Vietnamese-installed government in Phnom Penh. The Thai positions are soon adopted by all of ASEAN, making the economic organization a political broker for developments in Cambodia.

1979 - Refugees from Cambodia flood Thailand, a development that is said to cause an increase in inflation nationwide, affecting the country's business and labor sector. The European Community assigns its first ambassador to ASEAN to reside in Bangkok. The military launches an amnesty program during which more than 8,000 armed insurgents surrender to the authorities, most of them coming from the provinces of Chiang Rai, Phayao, Sakhon Nakhon and Mukdahan. At the same time, the Communist Party of Thailand weakens because of the rift between China and Vietnam, mostly over the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia.

1979, Apr 22 - As promised, the forces that came to power in the October 20, 1977 coup hold a general election. It is won by General Kriangsak, who had in 1977 been installed as prime minister by the military. That military leaders who take over the Thai government through a coup d'etat have a high chance of becoming elected leaders of the country is a peculiarity of Thai politics. The country's chief executive is not elected directly by the people as it is the case for example in the US and France or any country with a presidential form of government. Rather, in Thailand the chief executive (prime minister) is chosen by the parliament, and depending on the constitution in force, he must or must not even be a Member of Parliament. Therefore, the elected chief executive never has to have much popular appeal; rather, he has to garner the support of local political leaders. Representatives are elected on a strictly local level, as for example in Great Britain, and representation in Parliament does not depend on what percentage of votes a party won nationwide; in every constituency, a number of candidates with the most votes go to Parliament, and losers stay out. Within the constituencies, established political structures in most cases secure certain shares of votes for certain candidates, regardless of the candidates' party affiliation. Acting military governments have obviously no difficulties of securing the support of at least one fraction striving for power in any constituency. Where opposition cannot be rendered unpopular through propaganda, opposition candidates can be obstructed in many ways. As Kriangsak and his supporters had established a well-based political organization while in power, it was widely regarded as a foregone conclusion that Kriangsak would continue to be prime minister after the election. In the months that follow his election, Kriangsak expands his policy of political and economic liberalization; he also grants amnesty to former members of the Communist Party of Thailand.

1979, Nov 30 - The US embassy on Wireless Road in Bangkok suffers a pre-dawn attack by grenade launcher. Though there is some damage, no one is injured.

1980, Feb 29 - Because the Kriangsak government seems to be unable to handle the crisis brought about by the Cambodian refugees, Kriangsak resigns.

1980, Mar 12 - General Prem Tinsulanonda, formerly Defence Minister and concurrently Army Chief, becomes prime minister of Thailand. He adopts a tougher anti-Vietnamese stand and pursues an economic and financial policy which will become the base of Thailand's extraordinary economic growth in the 80's. Prem is very close to the country's Royal Family, and, for his fatherly approach to political problems and conflicts within his government, earns the nickname Papa Prem - in spite of being a bachelor.

1980. Apr 19 - A Thai Airways Avro aircraft crashes shortly before landing at Bangkok's Don Muang Airport. 43 passengers die, among them 4 foreigners; 10 survive. The accident is caused by a heavy rain storm.

1980, Jun 23 - More than 24 hours of fighting takes place in Aranyaphratet as some 300 Vietnamese soldiers, based and active in Cambodia, cross the border and occupy 3 Thai villages. Thai casualties are 60, those of the Vietnamese are 75.

1981, Mar 30 - Five Indonesian Muslim fundamentalists hijack a domestic Garuda flight to Bangkok and demand the release of political prisoners in Indonesia. An Indonesian commando team, flown in from Djakarta, storms the plane, killing all five hijackers. None of the passengers is hurt.

1981, Apr 1 - A group of young military officers later to be known as Young Turks seizes government centers in Bangkok. They claim to be critical of the failures of past military governments and to be supporting democracy, but widespread opinion is that they are just power-hungry. Prem evades the coup plotters and flees to Khorat. The rebels keep major government installations in Bangkok occupied for almost 3 days. The country's Royal Family also moves to Khorat; the Royal Family supports Prem as it becomes evident through a radio broadcast message by Queen Sirikit. This support enables Prem to group behind himself loyal forces and send them into Bangkok.

1981, April 3 - The rebels led by General San Chipatima give up. Chipatima and other leaders of the failed coup manage to flee the country. All participants in the coup attempt are given Royal Clemency a month later.

1982, Jan - The Thai military conducts a major offensive against the forces of notorious drug lord Khun Sa to drive him from his stronghold at Baan Hin Taek in Chiang Rai Province, on Thai soil. After a month of fighting Khun Sa retreats with his Shan United Army into Burma.

1982, Apr 5 - Bangkok holds a big party for its 200th birthday. The main event is a royal fluvial parade on the Chao Phaya river.

Mid 1982 - The army invents a new anti-insurgency program. This program gives farming land to armed pioneers willing to defend the area against communist attacks. As the program succeeds, the guerilla forces retreat to areas along the Laos border. The radio station Voice of the People of Thailand is closed down in China.

1982, Jul 16 - Army Sergeant Major Amornsak attempts to assassinate Prime Minister Prem while on a visit to an artillery facility in Lopburi by firing an anti-tank rocket at the prime minister's party. The rocket hits a tree instead; no one is hurt. The incident is kept secret for almost a year. On June 2, 1983, Amornsak is sentenced to 25 years in prison.

1982, Dec 1 - In northeastern Thailand. more than one thousand arms-carrying communists surrender en group to the government, represented by Army Commander General Arthit Kamlangek, thus practically ending the communist insurgency in this part of Thailand. As December 1, 1942 was the founding day of the Communist Party of Thailand, the party ceases to be a threat to the Thai government after exactly 40 years.

1982, Dec 2 - A suitcase bomb placed in the Iraqi embassy explodes when a bomb specialist tries to defuse it. The two-story building of the Iraqi embassy is leveled in the explosion, several other buildings are heavily damaged. The bomb specialist is the only casualty.

1983, Jan - Cambodian government troops, backed by Vietnamese units, conduct a major offensive against the three united resistance fractions. The fighting spills over onto Thai soil. More than 47,000 Cambodians flee to Thailand.

1983, Mar 3 - The Parliament rebuffs a military bid to retain temporary constitutional clauses.

1983, Mar 16 - In a snap vote, the Parliament rejects again a provision in the constitution that will preserve the key role of the military in the Thai government.

1983, Mar 18 - A royal decree dissolves the National Assembly.

1983, Mar 30 - A Malaysian army unit attacks communist armed guerillas in the town of Grik forcing a group of guerillas to flee to Thailand.

1983, Mar 31 - Vietnamese groups begins spraying bullets into the Khmer Rouge headquarters on Thai territory, drawing Bangkok into a defensive campaign. Intense exchange of artillery and tank fire kills 30 civilians and injures some 300 persons. Approximately 22,000 Cambodian civilians flee to Thailand for refuge.

1983, Apr 18 - A national parliamentary election is held. In this election, none of the country's 14 political parties wins a majority in the 324 seat House of Representatives. Upon invitation of the 4 largest parties in Parliament, Prem who is not himself a Member of Parliament forms a new government.

1983, Oct - Bangkok is hit by the worst floods in 40 years.

1984, Mar - A dispute between Thailand and Laos develops over three villages: Ben Mai, Bang Klang and Van Sabang.

1984, Mar 11 - Some 7,000 sticks of dynamite levels the walled compound and residence of Chinese nationalist General Li Wen Huan in Chiang Mai. The blast destroys 40 other houses. The assassination is believed to be the work of the Shan United Army of drug lord Khun Sa who is suspected to attempt to wipe out the Kuomintang remnants that have fled from the Chinese communists to Burma in 1949 and from Burma to Thai territory in 1961.

1984, May 11 - Pope John Paul II arrives in Bangkok for a two-day visit. He holds an open-air mass and visits refugee camps along the Cambodian border.

1984, Jul 20 - The military raids hide-outs of communists in Bangkok and arrests 16 communist rebel leaders, found to be in possession of 131,000 US Dollar, several cars and firearms.

1984, Sep 14 - As the Thai economy begins to dwindle Bangkok depositors and investors rush to banks and investment houses to retrieve their money. The stock market takes a nose dive.

1984, Oct 23 - The 159 member nations of the United Nations vote to install Thailand to its 15 member Security Council.

1984, Nov 6 - The Baht is devaluated by 14.8%, from around 23 to around 27 Baht for 1 US dollar. Because of this devaluation, five generals write to Prime Minister Prem demanding a reshuffle of the cabinet, expressing their belief that the prime minister could better improve the economy if some people in the cabinet vacate their seats. On the same day, Vietnamese troops attack a lightly manned Thai border Patrol Police Outpost near Surin at the Thai-Cambodian border, 420km (263mi) from Bangkok. 3 Thais die, 31 are wounded and 5 are missing.

1984, Nov 7 - In a radio broadcast, General Arthit Kamlangek, the powerful army chief and supreme commander of the kingdom's military forces, airs harsh words on the devaluation of the Baht. Because of this, the government organizes a pro-devaluation program; 4 out of 5 generals who were signatories of the above mentioned letter to Prem reaffirm their loyalty to the prime minister.

1985, Mar 6 - The Thai military forces some 1000 Vietnamese troops to retreat from one of three hills on Thai territory which the Vietnamese had captured the preceding days. Vietnamese troops are regularly intruding into Thai territory in attempts to outflank units of the Cambodian resistance groups. As these groups receive support through Thailand and even have possible escape routes through Thai territory, their backs are kept free - as long as Vietnamese troops attacking the resistance fractions respect Thai territory. The Thai counter attack against the intruding Vietnamese troops leaves some 60 people dead.

1985, Apr 20 - At Trat, some 1,200 Vietnamese troops attack Thai positions situated 3 to 4 kilometers from the Gulf of Thailand.

1985, Sep 9 - The Young Turks fraction of the Thai military again attempts to topple the government of General Prem but fails again. Suspected masterminds of the coup attempt are cashiered Army Colonel Manoon Roopkachorn and his brother, Wing Commander Manas Roopkachorn; Manas and Manoon who had also been involved in the aborted coup attempt in April, 1981, flee the country. Among the supporters of the coup attempt were several former high ranking officials, among them former Prime Minister Kriangsak Chomanan, former Supreme Commander General Sermna Nakhon, former Army chief General Yos Thepasdin, former Air Force chief Marshall Krasae Satharat and former Air Force chief Marshall Arum Promthep. Within 10 hours, government-loyal troop led by General Chavalit Yongchaiyuth quell the rebellion. There are 5 casualties, 2 of them foreign journalists.

1985, Sep 17 - The retired military leaders who were involved are detained. Some 40 active military officers are arrested during the wave of searches that follows the initial arrests.

1986, Jan 12 - Kukrit Pramoj resigns as leader of the Social Action Party, the largest party in the coalition backing Prime Minister Prem (who is a member of no party). He is succeeded by Foreign Minister Siddhi Savetsila.

1986, Apr - Prime Minister Prem does not grant a 1-year extension in office to General Arthit thereby ending the general's term on September 1, 1986. This move of the prime minister counters the traditional assumption that army chief is a stepping stone to premiership.

1986, May 1 - Tension spreads as the country prepares for the July 27 elections for Parliament.

1986, May 9 - Record rainfall of 25cm (10in) in 24 hours causes serious flooding in Bangkok.

1986, May 27 - Prime Minister Prem relieves General Arthit from his powerful post of Army Commander-in-Chief because of rumors of assassination plots and a pending coup allegedly to be led by Arthit. General Arthit is replaced by General Chavalit Yongchaiyuth.